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bioenergetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen

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2
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

Why is glucose used for respiration?

A

The energy is transferred from the glucose and the plant can use the rest of the glucose for other useful substances.

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4
Q

Why is glucose used for cellulose?

A

glucose is converted into cellulose to make strong cell walls

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5
Q

Why is glucose used to make amino acids?

A

glucose + nitrate ions (from the soil) to make amino acids which makes proteins

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6
Q

Why is glucose used to store oils and fats?

A

They store it as oils and fats - the glucose turns into lipids and is stored in the seeds

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7
Q

Why is glucose used to make starch?

A

Stored as starch - glucose turns into starch and stored in the roots, stems and leaves ready when photosynthesis isn’t happening .e.g. winter, night.
Starch is insoluble

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8
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

CO2 concentration, light intensity, temperature and the amount of chloroplast

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9
Q

What are some environmental conditions that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

1) when it’s night, light intensity would be the limiting factor
2) when it’s winter, it’s temperature
3) when it’s bright and hot enough CO2 concentration are usually the limiting factor

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10
Q

What are 2 ways that the amount of chloroplast can be affected by?

A
  1. by a disease(TMV and rose back spot)
  2. environmental stress (lack of nutrients)
    These factors can affect the amount of chlorophyll produced or how damaged the chloroplast is. If the chloroplast isn’t healthy then the rate of photosynthesis decreases because the chloroplast can’t absorb the light properly.
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11
Q

How does the plant not getting enough light affect the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

As the light levels are raised, the rate of photosynthesis steadily increases but only up to a certain point and beyond that, it won’t make a difference - temperature and CO2 levels are now the limiting factor

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12
Q

How does the pant not getting enough
carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis ?

A

As the carbon dioxide levels are raised, the rate of photosynthesis steadily increases but only up to a certain point then flattens out - temperature and and light intensity are the limiting factors

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13
Q

How does the plant not getting a high enough temperature affect the rate photosynthesis?

A

If the temperature is too low, then the enzymes needed for photosynthesis will work at a slow rate however, if the temperature is too high then the enzymes would start to get damaged and denatures (this usually happens at 45°)

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14
Q

What is the point of the photosynthesis practical?

A

The point is to show how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis using pondweed - the more oxygen produced by the pondweed, the faster the rate of photosynthesis is happening

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15
Q

What are the equipment needed to carry out this experiment?

A

Pondweed, beaker or test tube, water, light source (lamp), stopwatch, ruler

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16
Q

How do you measure the light intensity in this experiment?

A

By setting up the light source in various lengths from the pondweed by using a ruler

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17
Q

What is the first step of this experiment?

A

You place the pondweed into the test tube and fill it with water

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18
Q

How should you record your results during the experiment?

A

Record the number of bubbles produced at each distance.

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19
Q

What should be kept constant to ensure accurate results?

A

Ensure temperature is kept constant throughout the experiment.

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20
Q

What is the second step in this experiment?

A

Set up the lamp at 0cm by the ruler and then turn on the light source

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21
Q

Why should you repeat the experiment?

A

To obtain accurate results and with those results you can calculate the mean in the experiment

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22
Q

What are the results shown from the experiment?

A

The further away the light source is to the plant, the lower the rate of photosynthesis because less oxygen bubbles would be produced

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23
Q

What equation links to light intensity and distance?

A

light intensity (directly proportional) -> 1/distance^2

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24
Q

what does a.u stand for?

A

arbitrary units

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25
Q

what is the most common way to make an ideal environment for your plants?

A

greenhouses

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26
Q

How are greenhouses adapted when it comes to heat and temperature?

A

Greenhouses help trap heat from the sun to make sure that temperature isn’t the limiting factor. In the winter farmers may use heaters to keep the temperature at an ideal level and in the summer they’ll use shades and ventilation to keep it cool

27
Q

Why do farmers use artificial lights?

A

They use it when the sun goes down so that the plants can photosynthesise

28
Q

How do farmers increase their carbon dioxide levels?

A

They may use a paraffin heater. As it burns, CO2 is released as a by-product

29
Q

Why do farmers like to enclose the plants in a greenhouse?

A

it makes it easier to keep pests and diseases away from the crops

30
Q

Why would a farmer use fertiliser?

A

They may use it to provide the plant with minerals so the plant can grow healthy

31
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell

32
Q

Why is respiration an exothermic reaction?

A

Because heat is produced during the process of respiration. The carbon dioxide in the food breaks down to create glucose during the process. This glucose reacts with oxygen in our cells, releasing a large amount of energy.

33
Q

What are 3 examples on how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration?

A

1) To build up larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g. proteins from amino acids)
2)It’s used to allow the muscles to contract
3) Its used to keep the body temperature steady in colder conditions (in mammals and birds)

34
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place within the cell or body

35
Q

What are chemical reactions controlled by?

A

Enzymes

36
Q

What are larger molecules made from?

A

They’re made from smaller molecules that join together to make a large one

37
Q

What happens when a lot of glucose molecules join together?

A

smaller glucose molecule join together to form:
1) Starch (storage molecule in plants)
2) glycogen (storage molecule in animals)
3)cellulose (component of plant cell walls)

38
Q

What are lipids molecules made from?

A

1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

39
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

glucose + nitrate ions to make amino acids which make proteins

40
Q

What is another thing that large molecules can do?

A

Larger molecules can be broken down into smaller ones

41
Q

How is glucose broken down?

A

Glucose is broken down in respiration and transfers energy to all the reactions in the body that make molecules

42
Q

What happens to excess protein?

A

Excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea which is then excreted in urine

43
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

respiration using oxygen

44
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

aerobic respiration takes place all of the time in animals and plants and it mostly happens in the mitochondria

45
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

46
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20

47
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that doesn’t involve oxygen

48
Q

When does your body start to anaerobically respire?

A

When you exercise as your body isn’t able to take in enough oxygen

49
Q

where does anaerobic respiration happen?

A

in your muscles

50
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose -> lactic acid

51
Q

Why doesn’t anaerobic respiration transfer as much energy as aerobic?

A

Because the glucose isn’t fully oxidised so anaerobic respiration is only used in emergencies (e.g. during exercising when it allows you to keep on using your muscles for a while longer)

52
Q

What happens when plants anaerobically respire?

A

They produce ethanol (alcohol)

53
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

54
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast called?

A

fermentation; used to make bread and alcoholic drinks

55
Q

How does bread rise?

A

The carbon dioxide from fermentation makes the bread rise

56
Q

How are alcoholic drinks made?

A

They’re made through the fermentation process

57
Q

What happens to your body when you exercise?

A

When you exercise, your body increases the rate of respiration. This is because your muscles need more energy to contract more frequently

58
Q

Why does your breathing and heart rate increase while you exercise?

A

It increases so that more oxygen can enter your body required for aerobic respiration.

When your breathing rate and breath volume increase, it gets more oxygen into your blood, and your heart rate increases to get more to get the oxygenated blood around your body faster. This also removes CO2 quickly at the same time.

59
Q

What happens when you do vigoras exercising?

A

Your body can’t supply oxygen to your muscles quick enough so they start to respire anaerobically. This is NOT the best way to transfer glucose because lactic acid builds up in the muscles and is painful.

60
Q

What happens when someone exercises for a long period of time?

A

It causes muscle fatigue - when your muscles are tired and can’t contract efficiently

61
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of extra oxygen your body needs to with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from the cells. Oxygen reacts with lactic acid to form CO2 and water

62
Q

Why do you still breathe hard even after you exercise?

A

Your body is taking in more oxygen that couldn’t go into your muscles in time because your heart, lungs, and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand. This means that your breathing is still hard even after you stop exercising to get more oxygen into your blood which is transported to the muscles. Your pulse and breathing rate is still high even whilst there are high levels of lactic acid and carbon dioxide

63
Q

What is another way of coping with high levels of lactic acid?

A

Your blood that enters into your muscles transports the lactic acid to your liver where the lactic acid is then converted back to glucose

64
Q

Why would your pulse increase?

A

So the body can take in more oxygen into your muscles to take away the carbon dioxide

biology (8 decks)

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