bioeffects

Question 1

what is temporal average?

Answer 1

• average intensity across entire pulse period

- includes dead zone

Question 2

what is pulse average?

Answer 2

• average intensity across entire pulse duration

- does not include include dead zone

Question 3

what compination of bioeffects in most commonly used?

Answer 3

SPTA

Question 4

what is the highest combination of bioeffects?

Answer 4

SPTP

Question 5

what is the lowest temporal average?

Answer 5

SATA

Question 6

bioefefcts and safety lowest to highest combinations?

Answer 6

• SPTP
• SATP
• SPPA
• SAPA
• SPTA
• SATA

Question 7

Organizations have set standards that ultrasound providers are to adhere to what are they (2)?

Answer 7

FDA

AIUM

Question 8

what is AIUM?

Answer 8

“No adverse effects have been observed for an unfocused beam having a SPTA below 100mW/cm2, and focused beam SPTA below 1 W/cm2”

Question 9

FDA SPTA?

Answer 9

720 mW/cm2 (Upper limit)

Question 10

ferent kinds of ultrasound have different intensities- order from weakest to strongest

Answer 10

• 2D
• M-mode
• colour
• PW

Question 11

Thermal Index?

Answer 11

• measure how much the particular soubd is heating up the tissue

Question 12

AIUM Standard: TIS?

Answer 12

<2

• 2 degrees max

Question 13

thermal index- AIUM standard: TIB?

Answer 13

<1.5

Question 14

Cavitation (2 types)?

Answer 14

Production and modification/behaviour of bubbles in a liquid

Question 15

Stable Cavitation?

Answer 15

• oscillating bubbles (bigger and smaller)
• produce waves
• shear forces on nearby cells and organelles

Question 16

Transient Cavitation examples?

Answer 16

• shock waves
• local high temperature changes
• light emission

Question 17

Mechanical Index: AIUM Standard?

Answer 17

< 1.9 (0.4-1.9)

Question 18

Peak rarefactional pressure is proportional to?

Answer 18

MI

Question 19

what tissue will have a higher risk of cavitation?

Answer 19

gas containing tissues