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Biomaterials > BIOE Final > Flashcards

BIOE Final Flashcards

1
Q

Define Biomaterials

A

Substances that are engineered to interact with biological systems for medical, dental, or tissue engineering

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2
Q

Importance of Biomaterials

A

Crucial roles in medical implants, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, and diagnostic tools, among others

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3
Q

Interdisciplinary Nature

A

Biomaterials research involves collaboration between materials science, biology, medicine, engineering, and other fields

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4
Q

Biomaterials Milestones

A

Examples include the use of gold in dental restorations by ancient civilizations, the development of prosthetic limbs during World War II, and the discovery of biocompatible polymers like silicone and polyethylene

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5
Q

Key Contributors to Biomaterials

A

Scientists such as Robert Langer, Cato T. Laurencin, and Robert S. Langer have made significant contributions to biomaterials research

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6
Q

Bulk Properties

A

Bulk properties refer to characteristics of the entire material

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7
Q

Surface Properties

A

Surface properties pertain to features specific to the material’s outer layer.

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8
Q

Importance of Surface Properties

A

Surface properties influence biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and interactions with biological environments.

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9
Q

Calculation of surface vs. bulk atoms

A

Surface area can be calculated using geometric formulas, while bulk properties are determined by the material’s volume and density.

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10
Q

Define Cohesion

A

Cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same substance

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11
Q

Define Adhesion

A

Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances.

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12
Q

Define Surface Tension

A

The force that causes the surface of a liquid to contract.

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13
Q

Define Contact Angle

A

The angle formed between a liquid droplet and a solid surface.

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14
Q

Define Wettability

A

The ability of a surface to be wetted by a liquid

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15
Q

Work of Adhesion and Cohesion

A

Measures the energy required to separate two phases

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16
Q

Surface Analysis: ESCA/XPS

A

Analyzes the chemical composition of surfaces by measuring emitted electrons

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17
Q

Surface Analysis: SEM

A

Produces high-resolution images of surfaces using electron beams.

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18
Q

Surface Analysis: AFM

A

Maps surface topography by scanning a sharp tip over the sample.

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19
Q

Surface Modification Techniques

A

Silanization, self-assembled monolayers, and layer-by-layer assembly

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20
Q

Cell-Matrix Concepts

A

Understanding the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion mechanisms helps design biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

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21
Q

RFGD Plasma Treatment

A

Alters surface chemistry and improves wettability of polymers.

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22
Q

Lower Critical Solution Temperature

A

NIPAM exhibits a lower critical solution temperature, causing it to undergo a phase transition in response to temperature changes

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23
Q

Surface Grafting

A

Attaching NIPAM to surfaces alters their temperature responsiveness.

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24
Q

Application of Temperature Responsiveness

A

Temperature-responsive surfaces find use in cell culture and drug delivery systems

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25
Q

Protein Adsorption: Hydrophobic Interactions

A

Nonpolar regions of proteins associate in aqueous solutions due to the entropy-driven release of water molecules.

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26
Q

Protein Adsorption: Protein Structure and Folding

A

Determines the conformation and stability of adsorbed proteins.

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27
Q

Protein Adsorption: Vroman Effect

A

Dynamic process where proteins compete for surface binding sites

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28
Q

Protein Adsorption: Modeling

A

Langmuir model describes reversible adsorption, while Scatchard plot quantifies binding affinity

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29
Q

Hemostasis

A

The physiological process of stopping bleeding to maintain vascular integrity

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30
Q

Cell-protein interactions

A

Mechanisms by which cells and proteins collaborate to achieve hemostasis.

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31
Q

Platelets

A

Platelets bind to damaged endothelium. Structure, function, and granule contents.

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32
Q

Proenzymes

A

Inactive precursor forms of enzymes, important for controlled enzymatic reactions

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33
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that cleave proteins, crucial for the coagulation cascade

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34
Q

Activation mechanisms

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, triggered by tissue injury or blood contact with foreign surfaces.

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35
Q

Contributing Factors to the Coagulation Cascade

A

Calcium ions and platelet cell-surface interactions

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36
Q

Common pathway

A

Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, leading to fibrinogen conversion to fibrin and formation of a stable clot

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37
Q

Control of coagulation

A

Regulatory mechanisms to prevent excessive clot formation

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38
Q

Plasmin and plasminogen

A

Enzyme and its precursor involved in breaking down fibrin clots

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39
Q

Activators

A

Agents that convert plasminogen to plasmin, initiating fibrinolysis

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40
Q

Non-Fouling Surfaces: Relevance and applications

A

Importance of preventing protein adsorption and biofouling in medical devices

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41
Q

Properties favoring non-fouling behavior

A

Hydrophilicity, surface charge, and resistance to protein binding.

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42
Q

PEGylation

A

Coating surfaces with polyethylene glycol to create non-fouling properties

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43
Q

Zwitterionic materials

A

Composition and mechanisms underlying resistance to protein adsorption

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44
Q

Biomimetic vs Bio-inspired Concepts

A

Biomimetic materials mimic biological structures or functions, while bio-inspired materials draw inspiration from nature for design.

45
Q

Non-thrombogenic Surfaces: Clinical Relevance

A

Importance in reducing thromboembolic events associated with medical devices.

46
Q

Definition of thromboembolism

A

Formation and migration of blood clots

47
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant agent and its mechanism of action

48
Q

Non-thrombogenic Surfaces: Application as coating

A

Incorporation into layer-by-layer surface modification techniques

49
Q

Evaluation of Material’s Resistance to Thrombogenesis

A

In vitro assays, animal studies, and clinical trials to assess thrombogenic potential

50
Q

Biofilm formation

A

Formation of bacterial biofilms and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)

51
Q

Challenges of biofilm infections

A

Difficulty in eradicating biofilm-associated infections on medical devices

52
Q

Effect of surface properties

A

Influence of surface characteristics on biofilm formation

53
Q

Devices prone to infection

A

Prosthetic joints and sources of infection

54
Q

Management of prosthetic joint infection

A

Clinical strategies such as Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention (DAIR) or one- and two-stage revisions

55
Q

Anti-microbial agents

A

Focus on silver, including its mechanism of action and effectiveness

56
Q

Examples of antibiotic-releasing materials

A

Implants and coatings designed to release antibiotics to prevent infection.

57
Q

Foreign Body Response Characteristics

A

Immune reaction to foreign materials, involving inflammation, fibrosis, and encapsulation.

58
Q

Cells involved in FBR

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts, and other immune cells.

59
Q

Adverse consequences of FBR

A

Fibrosis, implant rejection, and compromised device function

60
Q

Macrophage Phenotype Changing perceptions

A

New insights into the complexity of macrophage phenotypes, including M1 and M2 polarization.

61
Q

Genotype versus phenotype

A

Distinction between genetic makeup and observable traits

62
Q

Consequences of mis-regulation

A

Imbalanced macrophage activity leading to prolonged inflammation or inadequate tissue repair.

63
Q

Macrophage Phenotype Role in Angiogenesis

A

Different macrophage phenotypes influence blood vessel formation

64
Q

Hernia Repair Pathology and risks

A

Abdominal wall weakness leading to herniation, risk of recurrence

65
Q

Types of mesh

A

Synthetic and biologic options, selection criteria

66
Q

Hernia Repair Implantation Techniques

A

Surgical approaches and mesh fixation methods

67
Q

Bridging scar concept

A

Importance in preventing hernia recurrence

68
Q

Fabrication techniques

A

Free radical polymerization, thermally induced phase separation, solvent casting/particulate leaching, sphere templating

69
Q

Osseointegration

A

Integration of implants with bone tissue, importance for implant stability and long-term success.

70
Q

Surface modification

A

Techniques to enhance osseointegration of dental implants

71
Q

Dental Composite Resin Composition

A

Components of composite resin and their roles in dental restorations

72
Q

Hydrogels

A

Crosslinked polymer networks capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water

73
Q

Crosslinking mechanisms

A

Covalent and non-covalent interactions

74
Q

Mesh size

A

Distance between crosslinks determining the hydrogel’s porosity and permeability

75
Q

Covalent Crosslinker

A

Molecule that forms bonds between polymer chains to create a network structure

76
Q

Monofunctional monomer

A

Requires a crosslinker to prevent linear polymerization and form a three-dimensional network.

77
Q

Crosslinking of macromers/macromonomers

A

Larger polymer precursors that undergo crosslinking to form hydrogels.

78
Q

Collagen Hydrogels Structure/composition

A

Abundant protein in connective tissues, comprising triple helical chains

79
Q

Collagen Hydrogels Isolation

A

Extraction from animal tissues such as skin or bones

80
Q

Gelation

A

Collagen undergoes self-assembly into fibrils when pH, temperature, or salt concentration is adjusted.

81
Q

Collagen Hydrogels Advantages/Disadvantages

A

Biocompatible, mimics native extracellular matrix (ECM), but batch variability and immunogenicity may be concerns

82
Q

Gelatin Hydrogels Isolation/Preparation

A

Hydrolysis of collagen, resulting in water-soluble gelatin

83
Q

Non-covalent gelation

A

Gelatin forms physical gels through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions

84
Q

Gelatin Hydrogels Applications

A

Porous scaffolds for tissue engineering, modified via chemical crosslinking for enhanced stability.

85
Q

Fibrin Hydrogels Components

A

Fibrinogen and thrombin, which polymerize into fibrin fibers

86
Q

Fibrin Hydrogels Crosslinking Mechanism

A

Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms crosslinks via Factor XIIIa

87
Q

Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Hydrogels Modification and Covalent Crosslinking

A

Introduction of functional groups for crosslinking via Michael-type addition reaction.

88
Q

Michael-type Addition

A

Reaction between a nucleophile and an unsaturated bond

89
Q

Click Chemistry Reactions Characteristics and Advantages

A

Efficient, selective, and biocompatible reaction with applications in hydrogel synthesis.

90
Q

Guest-Host Hydrogels Crosslinking Mechanisms

A

Host molecules (e.g., cyclodextrins) form inclusion complexes with guest molecules (e.g., adamantane derivatives), leading to hydrogel formation

91
Q

Guest-Host Hydrogels Advantages

A

Tunable properties, reversible crosslinking, and stimuli-responsive behavior

92
Q

Hybrid Hydrogels Modification for Cell Adhesion

A

Incorporation of cell-adhesive peptides (e.g., RGD) or functional groups (e.g., amine, carboxyl) to promote cell attachment and spreading

93
Q

Comparison of naturally-derived vs. synthetic materials

A

Naturally-derived materials offer biocompatibility and ECM mimicry, while synthetic materials provide tunable properties and controlled degradation rates

94
Q

From hydrolytically-degradable to cell-mediated remodeling

A

Advancement towards materials that respond to cellular cues for controlled degradation and tissue regeneration.

95
Q

Basis of Cell-Mediated Degradation of Hybrid Hydrogels

A

Incorporation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitive peptides or domains, enabling enzymatic cleavage and degradation by cells

96
Q

Controlled Release of Growth Factors From Hybrid Hydrogels

A

Incorporation of growth factor-binding domains or microparticles within the hydrogel network for sustained release, enhancing tissue regeneration

97
Q

Additive Manufacturing

A

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, builds objects layer by layer from digital models

98
Q

Additive Manufacturing vs Traditional Manufacturing Methods

A

Contrasts with methods such as subtractive processes or formative processes

99
Q

Advantages of Additive Manufacturing

A

Complex geometries, customization, and potentially less material waste

100
Q

Limitations of Additive Manufacturing

A

Slower production speeds, lower material strength, and higher costs for certain materials and technologies.

101
Q

Stereolithography (SLA)

A

Uses an ultraviolet laser to solidify liquid photopolymer resin layer by layer

102
Q

Stereolithography Advantages

A

Offers high accuracy and smooth surface finish, suitable for models, prototypes, and intricate parts.

103
Q

Stereolithography vs Traditional Methods

A

Materials used generally less robust than traditional manufacturing methods

104
Q

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

A

Extrudes thermoplastic filaments onto a build platform

105
Q

Fused Deposition Modeling Uses

A

Widely used for prototyping, educational purposes, and manufacturing end-use products

106
Q

Fused Deposition Modeling vs Stereolithography

A

Offers a range of engineering plastics but with lower resolution compared to SLA

107
Q

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

A

Binds powdered materials into solid structures using a laser

108
Q

Selective Laser Sintering Advantages

A

Provides strong, functional parts without needing support structures but involves high equipment costs and post-processing

109
Q

Selective Laser Sintering Materials

A

Works with various materials including plastics, glass, ceramics, and metals

Biomaterials (1 decks)

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