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biodiversity + soil + water + primary productivity Flashcards

1
Q

population ecology studies what

A

the # of individuals of a species that are found in an area. It looks at how and why those numbers increase and decrease.

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2
Q

population density

A

looks at the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume at a given time and incorporates how organisms are distributed

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3
Q

growth rate

A

rate of change in a population’s size

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4
Q

what is growth rate determined by

A

birth rate & death rate (r=b-d)

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5
Q

populations __ in size as long as the number of ____ is greater than the number of _____

A

increase, births, deaths

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6
Q

what does it lead to if deaths outpace number of births

A

extinction

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7
Q

emigration is

A

the number of individuals leaving an area

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8
Q

immigration is the number of individuals ____ an area

A

entering

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9
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum reproductive rate of an organism; doesn’t usually happen bc of limited factors

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10
Q

examples of limiting factors

A

food, water, shelter, mates, nutrients, etc

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11
Q

how do species increase and how do they maintain their carrying capacity?

A

developing adaptations and migrating to other areas

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12
Q

what is density-dependent factors?

A

regulate pop growth by affecting a larger proportion of the population as population density rises

predation, disease, competition

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13
Q

what is density independent factor?

A

limit pop growth but are not influenced by changes in pop density

hurricanes, fires

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14
Q

generalist

A

lives in a broad niche
able to withstand a wide range of ecological conditions
ex:
coachroaches
mice
humans

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15
Q

specialists

A

lives in narrow niches
sensitive to environment
prone to extinction

ex: giant panda
in stable conditions, specialist excel due to little or no competition

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16
Q

competition exclusion principle

A

no two organisms can occupy the same niche at the same time

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17
Q

what are key stone species

A

a species whose presence contributes to the diversity of life and whose extinction would lead to extinction to other forms of life

18
Q

what characterizes a new species

A

when offspring from the ancestor species can no longer reproduce

19
Q

what do mutations do

A

random change in genetic code

20
Q

natural selection is…

A

the environmental conditions determine what traits are useful

21
Q

artificial selection…

A

human determine which individuals breed and what traits are beneficial

22
Q

what is the bottle neck effect?

A

a drastic reduction in the size of population can lead to change in the pop’s genetic composition (fire)

23
Q

what is founder effect?

A

a small number of individuals colonize a place. The future generations will have similar genetic composition to the founders

24
Q

geographic isolation

A

a large population is separated into two smaller populations as geo barriers change

25
Q

populations with low genetic diversity are vulnerable to

A

environmental change
disease
inbreeding depression

26
Q

what is inbreeding depression

A

genetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offsprings

27
Q

what is considered the raw material for adaptation

A

genetic diversity

28
Q

latitudinal gradient

A

species richness increases toward the equator

29
Q

causes of lat. gradient

A

climate stability, high plant productivity, and no glaciation

30
Q

primary productivity

A

rate that solar energy is coverted into org compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time (rate of photosynthesis of all producers in an area over a given period of time)

31
Q

what does high PP mean

A

high plant growth and lots of food & shelter for animals, and biodiversity, nutrients and water

32
Q

what does respiration loss mean for plants in PP

A

plants use up some of the energy they generate via photosynthesis by doing cell respiration

33
Q

gross prim. productivity

A

total amt of light plants capture and covert to glucose thru photosynthesis

34
Q

net prim. productivity

A

amount of energy (biomass) leftover for consumers after plants have used some for resp.

35
Q

NPP=?

A

GPP-RL

36
Q

what is ecological efficiency

A

amt of sunlight that is actually captured and used by plants and the other rest of the sunlight is reflected or passes thru

37
Q

what is species richness

A

number of species

38
Q

what is species evenness

A

relative proportions of individuals within the different species

39
Q

types of diversity

A

functional, ecological, genetic, species

40
Q

what are the two main forms of value that biodiversity provides humans

A

instrumental and intrinsic value

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