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Zoology > Biodiversity intro > Flashcards

Biodiversity intro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of biodiveristy?

not examples, types of diverisity

A

Ecological, genetic, organismal

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2
Q

definition of ecological diversity

A

the variety of places life exists

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3
Q

examples of ecological diversity

A

biomes, bioregions, landscapes, ecostystems, habitats, niches, populations

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4
Q

definition of genetic diversity

A

variation on the componants of genetic code that make up organisms

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5
Q

examples of genetic diversity

5

A

populations, individuals, chromosomes, genes, nucleotides

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6
Q

definition of organismal diversity

A

Variation in whole organisms, like phylogenetics and characteristics

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7
Q

examples of organismal diversity

9

A

kingdoms, phyla, classes, families, genera, species, subspecies, populalations, individuals

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8
Q

what catagory falls into all 3 types of biodiversity?

A

populations

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9
Q

species definition

A

can breed to make fertile offspring

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10
Q

when can finding out an animals species be difficult?

A

when looking at fossils

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11
Q

what is the unit of organismal biodiverity

A

species

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12
Q

what are the classifications of an organism

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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13
Q

what part of classification do you write in italics?

A

genus, species (latin names)

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14
Q

what causes evolution

A

natural selection

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15
Q

acronym for natural selection

link to alevel

A

MASSRIFT

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16
Q

what is a studied example of natuarl selection?

what, where, who, why, what changed

A
  • darwins finches
  • Galapagos islands
  • Charles darwin
  • they have evolved specific adaptations for the different food and environments on the islands - like their beaks changing shape
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17
Q

how did evolution occur in the galapagos finches?

MASSRIFT flow

A
  1. The finches ancestral bird ate seeds, offspring had a mutation for finer beak
  2. Offspring with a mutation for a finer bill, were better at catching insects
  3. so could eat more as there was less competition for insects.
  4. Wlt over time the warbler finch becoming a new species.
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18
Q

how are evolutionary relationships found?

A

Paleontological evidence, looking at the appearance of fossil record

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19
Q

what are the oldest fossils of unicellular organisms?

what and when

A

primeval philum amino, 3.5 billion years ago

20
Q

what are primeval philum amino?

what and where

A

filamentous microbes that belong to archaea, lived in hydrothermal vents in w. Australia

21
Q

what is the oldest multicellular organims?

what and when

A

fungi, 1 billion years ago

22
Q

how old is the oldest animal fossil?

A

600 million years old

23
Q

why is information from the cambrain period limited?

A

diversity occurred over short time and not all fossils survived, so we can only get info from a few fossils

24
Q

what is the cambrain explosion?

what and when

A

Sudden diversification that occurred 540 million years ago

25
Q

definition of Anatomical similarity

A

shared and derived homologous structures

26
Q

example of anatomical similarity

A

Wings of humming birds are similar to albatrosses structurally, bc they havea common ancestor

27
Q

what leads to anatomical similarity?

A

when organisms are genetically similar due to a common ancestor

28
Q

what can cause similar morphology without anatomical similarity?

A

natural selction can lead to similar structures in different organisms bc they have the same function, even with no common ancestor

29
Q

definition of developmental similarity

A

patterns of cell division and embryonic stages

30
Q

how can you find developmental similarity?

A

Look if patterns of cell division and similar embryonic stages are similar

31
Q

example of developmental similarity

who and what

A

Darwin studied barnacles and recognised they have similar embryos even though look different as adults

32
Q

definition of molecular similarity

A

How similar DNA, RNA and protein sequences are (The more similar the DNA, the more closely related)

33
Q

what are is the most useful similarity when inferring evolutionary relationships? why?

A

molecular similarities are the most useful, shows how closely related the two species are

34
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree?

what, who

A

darwin made tree to show how closely related species are

35
Q

what are problems with the traditional phylogenetic tree?

A
  • Most are based on anatomical & developmental similarities, but we know convergent evolution can give similar morphological adaptations even though not closely related
  • Many organisms missing
  • Biased towards animals, few plants, fungi and microorganism even though there are more
  • Man is always at the top
36
Q

why is new phylogenetic tree different?

A
  • with molecular similarities
  • Shows comparative number of major groups of organisms
  • shows lots
    3 major domains
37
Q

what are the 3 values of biodiversiry?

why its important?

A
  • Direct Use Values
  • Indirect Use Values
  • Non-Use Values
38
Q

what is a direct use value of biodiverity?

A

its the direct use of biological resources in consumption or production

39
Q

example of direct use value of biodiveristy

3

A
  • industrial materials - Wood is used in production to build goods
  • biological controls - ladybirds control aphid populations
  • medicine - periwinkle is used to make anti lukemia drugs
40
Q

what are issues with direct use values of biodiversity?

A

Expolited on small scale, or large scale

41
Q

what is an indirect use value of biodiveristy?

A

services that support human life as they provide crucial ecosystem services so we can survive, are not tradable commodities

42
Q

examples of indirect use values of biodiversity

4

A
  • Pollination - 90% of apples are pollinated by bees, value estimated at $2.1 billion by USDA. Fruits provide vit. and min.
  • Oxygen production - Half of the world’s oxygen is produced via phytoplankton during photosynthesis, the other half is from land plants.
  • Soil formation/maintenance - Worms digest and break down organic matter to produce soil.
  • Water management - Water filters through organic material like plants, and removes debris.
43
Q

what are the 4 non use values of biodiversity?

4

A
  • option value
  • bequest value
  • existence value
  • intrinsic value
44
Q

definition and example of option value

A
  • choosing whether to use a resource, so have the option to use it in the future.
  • EX. Leaving forests which leaves biological material, requires preservation and protection.
45
Q

definition of bequest value

A

Leave resources intact so can be passed on to future generations

46
Q

definition and example of existence value

A
  • value to people no matter despite its usefulness
  • EX. The fact that pandas exist and live in the wild is important despite their ecological role or direct impact on human life
47
Q

definition and example of intrinisc value

A
  • Value independent of any human opinion/ dimension
  • EX. Emoba

Zoology (7 decks)

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