Biodiversity intro Flashcards
what are the 3 types of biodiveristy?
not examples, types of diverisity
Ecological, genetic, organismal
definition of ecological diversity
the variety of places life exists
examples of ecological diversity
biomes, bioregions, landscapes, ecostystems, habitats, niches, populations
definition of genetic diversity
variation on the componants of genetic code that make up organisms
examples of genetic diversity
5
populations, individuals, chromosomes, genes, nucleotides
definition of organismal diversity
Variation in whole organisms, like phylogenetics and characteristics
examples of organismal diversity
9
kingdoms, phyla, classes, families, genera, species, subspecies, populalations, individuals
what catagory falls into all 3 types of biodiversity?
populations
species definition
can breed to make fertile offspring
when can finding out an animals species be difficult?
when looking at fossils
what is the unit of organismal biodiverity
species
what are the classifications of an organism
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
what part of classification do you write in italics?
genus, species (latin names)
what causes evolution
natural selection
acronym for natural selection
link to alevel
MASSRIFT
what is a studied example of natuarl selection?
what, where, who, why, what changed
- darwins finches
- Galapagos islands
- Charles darwin
- they have evolved specific adaptations for the different food and environments on the islands - like their beaks changing shape
how did evolution occur in the galapagos finches?
MASSRIFT flow
- The finches ancestral bird ate seeds, offspring had a mutation for finer beak
- Offspring with a mutation for a finer bill, were better at catching insects
- so could eat more as there was less competition for insects.
- Wlt over time the warbler finch becoming a new species.
how are evolutionary relationships found?
Paleontological evidence, looking at the appearance of fossil record
what are the oldest fossils of unicellular organisms?
what and when
primeval philum amino, 3.5 billion years ago
what are primeval philum amino?
what and where
filamentous microbes that belong to archaea, lived in hydrothermal vents in w. Australia
what is the oldest multicellular organims?
what and when
fungi, 1 billion years ago
how old is the oldest animal fossil?
600 million years old
why is information from the cambrain period limited?
diversity occurred over short time and not all fossils survived, so we can only get info from a few fossils
what is the cambrain explosion?
what and when
Sudden diversification that occurred 540 million years ago
definition of Anatomical similarity
shared and derived homologous structures
example of anatomical similarity
Wings of humming birds are similar to albatrosses structurally, bc they havea common ancestor
what leads to anatomical similarity?
when organisms are genetically similar due to a common ancestor
what can cause similar morphology without anatomical similarity?
natural selction can lead to similar structures in different organisms bc they have the same function, even with no common ancestor
definition of developmental similarity
patterns of cell division and embryonic stages
how can you find developmental similarity?
Look if patterns of cell division and similar embryonic stages are similar
example of developmental similarity
who and what
Darwin studied barnacles and recognised they have similar embryos even though look different as adults
definition of molecular similarity
How similar DNA, RNA and protein sequences are (The more similar the DNA, the more closely related)
what are is the most useful similarity when inferring evolutionary relationships? why?
molecular similarities are the most useful, shows how closely related the two species are
what is a phylogenetic tree?
what, who
darwin made tree to show how closely related species are
what are problems with the traditional phylogenetic tree?
- Most are based on anatomical & developmental similarities, but we know convergent evolution can give similar morphological adaptations even though not closely related
- Many organisms missing
- Biased towards animals, few plants, fungi and microorganism even though there are more
- Man is always at the top
why is new phylogenetic tree different?
- with molecular similarities
- Shows comparative number of major groups of organisms
- shows lots
3 major domains
what are the 3 values of biodiversiry?
why its important?
- Direct Use Values
- Indirect Use Values
- Non-Use Values
what is a direct use value of biodiverity?
its the direct use of biological resources in consumption or production
example of direct use value of biodiveristy
3
- industrial materials - Wood is used in production to build goods
- biological controls - ladybirds control aphid populations
- medicine - periwinkle is used to make anti lukemia drugs
what are issues with direct use values of biodiversity?
Expolited on small scale, or large scale
what is an indirect use value of biodiveristy?
services that support human life as they provide crucial ecosystem services so we can survive, are not tradable commodities
examples of indirect use values of biodiversity
4
- Pollination - 90% of apples are pollinated by bees, value estimated at $2.1 billion by USDA. Fruits provide vit. and min.
- Oxygen production - Half of the world’s oxygen is produced via phytoplankton during photosynthesis, the other half is from land plants.
- Soil formation/maintenance - Worms digest and break down organic matter to produce soil.
- Water management - Water filters through organic material like plants, and removes debris.
what are the 4 non use values of biodiversity?
4
- option value
- bequest value
- existence value
- intrinsic value
definition and example of option value
- choosing whether to use a resource, so have the option to use it in the future.
- EX. Leaving forests which leaves biological material, requires preservation and protection.
definition of bequest value
Leave resources intact so can be passed on to future generations
definition and example of existence value
- value to people no matter despite its usefulness
- EX. The fact that pandas exist and live in the wild is important despite their ecological role or direct impact on human life
definition and example of intrinisc value
- Value independent of any human opinion/ dimension
- EX. Emoba
