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biodiversity exam > biodiversity exam > Flashcards

biodiversity exam Flashcards

1
Q

environmental bio definition

A

study of the interplay between humans and their surroundings

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2
Q

environment

A

factors (chemical, physical & biotic) that act upan an organism or an ecological community and determines its form and survival

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3
Q

in environmental science (4 answers)…

A
  • the obvious answer is not always the correct one
  • carful analysis of all facets of a problem is needed
  • decisions are complex
  • you need data to solve issues
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4
Q

list some of the characteristics of science

A
  • evidence based, self-correcting, reliable and repeatable, community based, not dogmatic or demographic, not based on morality/aesthetics, done by humans
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5
Q

The scientific process

A

observation, hypothesis, prediction…

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6
Q

the interplay between science and policy is

A
  • gathering data is funded by policy makers for exploration and discovery
  • benefits & outcomes & community analysis is helped w/ policy makers
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7
Q

environmental science often cant use experimental methods due to logistical and ethical constraints. instead…

A

we use observational studies & models

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8
Q

Anthropocentric

A

human centered

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9
Q

biocentric

A

life centered

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10
Q

land ethic

A

humans as part of biotic and abiotic community

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11
Q

frontier ethic

A

unlimited resources: move to the next spot if resources become scarce

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12
Q

sustainable ethic

A

resources are limited: use wisely to sustain resources for later use

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13
Q

conservation ethic

A

use resources but conserve them

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14
Q

preservation ethic

A

recognize intrinsic value of landscape and biota. preserve in unaltered form

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15
Q

sustainability

A

living within the means of the earth without significantly impairing its function

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16
Q

carrying capacity

A

potential for unlimited growth yet it is limited by the environment

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17
Q

environmental ethics challenge:

A

tragedy of the commons

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18
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

overuse of a common resource to benefit the individual, while the cost is shared by all

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19
Q

3 waves of the US environmental policy

A
  • land management and expansion
  • repairing damage
  • response to pollution
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20
Q

wave 1: land management and expansion

A
  • allowed settling of lands previous occupied by native americans
  • time of the dust bowl
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21
Q

dust bowl

A

unusually wet period during the 20s and high wheat price lead to cultivation of prairie land and drought

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22
Q

wave 2: repairing damage

A
  • soil preservation and allotment act (response to dust bowl)
  • emergency conservation work act (response to great depression)
  • conservation and prevention designated to national parks
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23
Q

wave 3: response to pollution

A
  • clean air act
  • safe drinking water act
  • formation of environmental protection agency
  • london “fog” (leading to clean air act)
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24
Q

biological evolution

A

the change in the heritable characteristics of a population over time

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25
Q

heritable =
allele =

A

genetic
gene varient

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26
Q

evolution can only occur if there is

A

genetic variation in the population

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27
Q

variation comes from

A
  • mutation
  • migration
  • sexual reproduction
  • horizontal gene transfer
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28
Q

mutation

A

permanent change in a DNA sequence

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29
Q

mutation cause and effect

A

cause: mistakes during DNA replication or external factors
effects: neutral, positive or negative

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30
Q

mutation notes (2):

A
  • mutations alone do not produce evolutionary change
  • only mutations in reproductive cells get passed down to offspring
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31
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • two individuals contribute genes to the offspring and they get a new combination of alleles
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32
Q

what is believed to be the reason for sexual reproduction

A

genetic variation

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33
Q

genetic variation (horizontal gene transfer) how they change:

A
  • selection
  • genetic drift
  • migration
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34
Q

if its selection, then the fitness of the mic must vary by fur color meaning

A

the fur is heritable

35
Q

natural selection

A

fitness depends on the environment

36
Q

sexual selection

A

fitness depends on mate choice

37
Q

artificial selection

A

fitness depends on human actions

38
Q

genetic drift

A

random fluctuation in which alleles get passed on

39
Q

migration/gene flow occurs when

A

individuals move from one population to another

40
Q

speciation

A

the formation of new and distinct species

41
Q

when speciation occurs…

A
  • a population becomes sub-divided
  • reproductive isolation between the sup-populations occurs
  • lack of gene flow between the sub-populations
  • selection and genetic will cause species divergence
42
Q

adaptive radiation

A

when an organism comes into an environment they have not been to and are able to quickly adapt

43
Q

how populations are classified can be…

A

difficult, consequential, and controversial

44
Q

ecology

A

the comprehensive science of the relationship of the organism to the environment (distribution and abundance of organisms

45
Q

estimating population demographics

A

population “snapshots” follow a cohort over time

46
Q

survival patterns rep different advantages

A
  • energy is limited = tradoffs
  • survival vs. reproduction
  • growth vs. reproduction
  • # of offspring vs, parental care
  • # vs. size of offspring
47
Q

population ecology growth

A
  • resources are limited so populations dont grow indefinitely
48
Q

r-related species (good at growing fast) characteristics

A
  • ex. (plants)
  • fast reproductive rate
  • fast devel rate
  • low parental care
  • small size
  • short length of life
  • weak competitive ability
  • high population size
  • good dispersal ability
49
Q

k-related species (good at persisting)

A
  • ex. (hippos)
  • slow reproductive rate
  • slow devel rate
  • high parental care
  • large size
  • large length of life
  • strong competitive ability
  • low population size
  • limited dispersal ability
50
Q

community

A

an association of interacting species inhabiting a defined area

51
Q

mutualism

A

benefit on both ends

52
Q

consumption

A

benefit on one side, harm on the other. aka predation, herbivory, parasitism

53
Q

competition

A

when organisms in the same community seek the same limiting resouce

54
Q

thermodynamics 1st and 2nd law

A
  1. energy can be neither created nor destroyed
  2. entropy (disorder of a system increases over time)
55
Q

in ecological communities there are

A

direct and indirect effects on trophic intereations

56
Q

two types of trophic interactions

A
  • bottom up effects are easier to predict (more berries means more bears)
  • top-down effects are more complex (more wolves mean fewer elk)
57
Q

succession

A

the gradual community change in an area following creation of a new substrate or disturbance

58
Q

primary succession

A

change occurring on newly exposed geological substrates

59
Q

secondary succession

A

change following a disturbance that doesnt entirely destroy soil

60
Q

pioneer species vs. climax species

A

pioneer: species that colonize a vacant or disturbed area
climax: species that occur in latter successional stages

61
Q

biomes are determined by

A
  • annual temperature averages
  • annual precipitation total
  • variation in temperature
  • variation in precipitation
62
Q

solar radiation

A

varies with latitude and time of year

63
Q

in less variable and more predictable environments we see…

A
  • tropical evergreen trees
  • year-round breeding
    -territorial defense
64
Q

in more variable and less predicatble environments we see…

A
  • temperate deciduous trees
  • migration
  • food storage
  • hibernation
65
Q

drivers to biodiversity

A
  • energy available
  • temp
  • time
  • space
  • geography
  • landscape heterogeneity
  • disturbance patterns
66
Q

levels of diversity

A
  • genetic diversity
  • species diversity
  • ecosystem diversity
67
Q

species diversity

A

number of species + relative abundance

68
Q

edge effects

A

due to degraded edge habitat, larger square or circular preserves are better for conserving biodiversity

69
Q

keystone vs. foundation species

A

keystone: whose presence is crucial in maintaining the organization and diversity of their ecological communities
foundation: provide the base/foundation for ecological community

70
Q

biodiversity conservation geographic strategies

A
  • diverse or key locations
  • single large vs. several small
  • movement corridors
71
Q

biodiversity conservation single species strategies

A
  • keystone and foundation stratefies
  • indicator species (sensitive)
  • umbrella species (protecting the habitat of lots of other species)
  • flagship species (verge of extinction)
72
Q

invasive species

A

exotic or non-native species that have significant negative effects on the structure of an ecological community

73
Q

we use theory to describe

A

a well-supported explanation for a group of observations or phenomena

74
Q

environmental justice

A

equitability in protection from environmental hazards and to access to engagement in environmental decision making

74
Q

environmental justice

A

equitability in protection from environmental hazards and to access to engagement in environmental decision making

75
Q

how do biologists explain the biodiversity on the planet

A

biodiversity of the planet is the result of billions of years of evolution

76
Q

populations lacking any environmental resistance or resource limitation increase by what type of growth

A

exponential

77
Q

genetic drift is…

A

RANDOM

78
Q

two processes that determine worlds current biodiversity

A

extinction and speciation rates

79
Q

market based mechanisms of conservation are…

A

flawed because the answer that is most beneficial economically is not always conservation

80
Q

taxonomy

A

grouping and classifying organisms based on similarities in genetics/morphology

81
Q

species richness

A

of species in a given area related to the latitude

82
Q

types of biomes

A

tropical rainforest, subtropical desert, savannas, chaparral, temperate grass-lands, temperate forests, boreal forests, arctic tundra

biodiversity exam (1 decks)

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