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A Level Biology > Biodiversity and Natural Resources > Flashcards

Biodiversity and Natural Resources Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define species.

A

A group of organisms with similar physiological, anatomical and behavioural adaptations which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

Define habitat.

A

The place where an organism lives.

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3
Q

Define population.

A

Interbreeding individuals of the same species.

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4
Q

Define community.

A

Populations in a habitat.

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5
Q

Define niche.

A

How an organism exploits its resources within the ecosystem.

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6
Q

Define behavioural adaptations.

A

Actions allowing an organism to survive and reproduce.

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7
Q

Define physiological adaptations.

A

Internal workings of an organism allowing it to survive and reproduce.

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8
Q

Describe anatomical adaptations.

A

Visible adaptations of an organism that can be seen when observed or dissected.

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9
Q

Describe natural selection.

A

A mutation occurs
An environmental change resulting in a change of selection pressure
Individuals have the advantageous alleles survive
They reproduce and passbook to their offspring
Over time the frequency of alles in a population changes

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10
Q

What factors is natural selection reliant on?

A

Strength of selection pressure.
Size of gene pool.
Reproductive rate of organism.

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11
Q

What are the conditions of Hardy Weinberg.

A 
No mutations.
No alleles introduced or lost, thus no emigration or immigration.
No selection of favour.
Mating and alleles are random.
Large population.
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12
Q

What is the hierarchy of taxonomy?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species.
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13
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A 
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protoctista
Prokaroytae.
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14
Q

Describe cellulose.

A

Beta glucose. Condensation reaction. 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Straight chain.

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15
Q

Xylem structure

A

Dead cells stacked end to end contains no organelles and no cell walls at the ends.
Lined with lignin (in spirals) which strengthens the xylem and makes it waterproof.
Has bordered pits
Contains cellulose molecules as microfibrils for strength

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16
Q

What are nitrate ions needed for?

A

Required to produce amino acids.

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17
Q

What are magnesium ions for?

A

Required to make chlorophyll.

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18
Q

What are calcium ions for?

A

Required for growth.

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19
Q

Describe the phloem.

A

Has perforated end walls which are sieve plates.
Transports organic molecules up and down via translocation.

Contains companion cells which contain all organelles.

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20
Q

Describe the sclerenchyma.

A

Supports the cell.
Waterproofed by lignin.
Keeps the cell turgid.

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21
Q

Describe what Withering did.

A

Discovered and recorded the side effects of digitalis (dropsy).
Checked the right dosage.

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22
Q

Describe pre-clinical testing.

A

Involves testing on animals and laboratory studies.

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23
Q

Describe Phase I of drug testing.

A

Small group of healthy volunteers.

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24
Q

Describe Phase II of drug testing.

A

Small group of volunteers with the disease.

25
Q

Describe Phase III of drug testing.

A

Large group of patients suffering from the disease in a double blind trial.

26
Q

What are seeds used for?

A

Protect embryo.
Aid dispersal.
Provide nutrition.

27
Q

Describe starch as packaging.

A

Starch granules cannot dissolve in water. Therefore they are heated in water, in a process called gelatinisation, they swell and thicken.

Cross-linked starch is absorbent and able to take up large amounts of water.

28
Q

Describe oil-based fuels.

A

Produce carbon dioxide.
Non-renewable.
Non-biodegradable.

29
Q

Describe plant-based fuels.

A

Carbon neutral.

Biodegradable.

30
Q

What is captive breeding used for?

A

Increasing the number of individuals in a species.
Maintaining genetic diversity.
Reintroducing animals into the wild.

31
Q

Define inbreeding depression.

A

Inbreeding results in the inheritance of recessive alleles.

32
Q

Zoos maintaining genetic diversity

A

Why- small numbers in zoos can lead to reduced change of adapting to environment changes

How - do not allow organisms to repeatedly interbreed with the same ex-partner and select a partner through inter-zoo swapping

33
Q

What conditions are seeds kept in?

A

Dried - increase storage and reduces micro bacterial growth
Cold - storage time and enzyme activity

34
Q

What does the Millennium Seed Bank do?

A

Germination is tested every 10 years. If germination falls below 75% then seeds will be grown to collect a new sample.

Aims to have 25% of all species by 2020.

35
Q

Describe genetic drift.

A

Some alleles may not be passed on in a small population by chance. Genetic drift is the change in allele frequency over time.
Inbreeding leads to a rise in homozygous alleles and a loss of heterozygous alleles.

36
Q

What is the calculation for heterozygosity index?

A

Heterozygosity index = number of heterozygotes divided by the number of individuals in the population.

37
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota.

38
Q

Low species diversity suggests

A

Few successful species in the habitat
Stressful environment
Simple food webs
Changes in environment can have serious effects

39
Q

Heterozygosity Index

A

Measures the proportion of gene which are present in the homozygous forms

40
Q

Gene pool

A

All the alleles of all the genes in a population

41
Q

Allelic frequency

A

How often the allele occurs in a population

42
Q

Microfibrils

A

Hydrogen bonds between neighbouring OH groups, forming helical microfibrils.
Held together by hemicellulose and pectins.

43
Q

Xylem formations

A

Lignin is deposited into the inside of the cell walls of immature xylem vessels, lignification kills the cell and allows for max flow of water through the hollow tubes

44
Q

Xylem adaptations

A

Bordered pits - so water can move between vessels
Narrow vessels - so water can travel in unbroken columns
No organelles or end walls so water can move

45
Q

Cohesion

A

It allows water to be drawn up the xylem vessel against the pull of gravity. When water leaves through the transpiration the water at the roots move in to replace the H2O that moved up

46
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction of between non-alike molecules

47
Q

Symplastic

A

Water travels by diffusion through the cytoplasm

48
Q

Apoplastic

A

Water draws through vis cellulose fibres

49
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from the surface of the plant

Wind, humidity, temp, light

50
Q

Translocation

A

Movement of sucrose and amino acids (assimilates) from where they are made to where they are needed

  • Controlled by companion cells, the substance move through the sieve tube elements.

Moved from companion cells to sieve tubes elements by active transport. This cause water potential in a sieve to decrease and water moves by osmosis and the solutes move to where they are needed. The solutes are then removed and the water potential increases in the sieve tube and water potential increase and water leaves.

51
Q

Why conserve seeds rather than plants

A

Less space required
More species can be held
Plants produce a large number of seeds
Easier to store

52
Q

Issues with seeds

A
  • stored have to be replanted as the lose viability
  • certain seeds cannot be stored this way
  • expensive
  • only some biodiversity can be stored
53
Q

Why conserve rare and endangered plants

A
  • To avoid extinction
  • To conserve genetic diversity
  • Plants may be useful as medicine
  • Other animals may depend on the food
54
Q

Molecular phylogeny

A

Comparing RNA and DNA and proteins between organisms to see how closely related.

55
Q

Sustainable

A

The resources can be renewed so that it is available for future generations.

56
Q

Strength of plant fibres.

A

Plant material left to soak in water. Remove fibres and connect between two clamp stands. Gradually add mass to the middle until the fibre snaps.

57
Q

Investigating plant mineral deficiencies.

A

Half fill a tube with ‘all nutrients’ solution. Cover with foil. Push roots through the hole so it is in the solution. Repeat with all solutions (lacking nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, magnesium or calcium). Wrap tubes in aluminium foil, place in sun.

58
Q

Effect of garlic and mint on bacterial growth.

A

Pipette extract of plant material onto sterile paper disc on a sterile petri dish. Label agar plates, split into 4 sections. Place one disc in each quadrant. Close and tape. Incubate over night and observe zones of inhibition.

A Level Biology (14 decks)

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