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Paper 1 - Bio > Biodiversity and classification > Flashcards

Biodiversity and classification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classification

A

The process of naming and organising organisms into a group based on their characteristics and evolutionary history.

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2
Q

Can the classification of an organism change?

A

The classification of an organism may change as new info becomes available.

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3
Q

Name the hierarchy of taxons in order from largest to smallest.

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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4
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms.

A

Animalia, fungi, plantae, prokaryotes and protocista.

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5
Q

What is the three domain classification system?

A

A method of classification in which organisms are categorised into three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

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6
Q

How was the three domain classification system developed?

A

Was developed by analysing molecular differences between organisms to determine their evolutionary relationships. Evidence showed that the kingdom ‘prokaryotae’ could be divided into two groups and all other organisms are eukaryotes.

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7
Q

What do organisms in the same domain have in common?

A

Organisms in the same domain share a distinctive pattern of ribosomal RNA.

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8
Q

Bacteria

A

One of the three domains and consists of ‘true’ bacteria.

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9
Q

Archaea

A

One of the three domains, made up of primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments.

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10
Q

Eukarya

A

One of the three domains and consists of all eukaryotic organisms.

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11
Q

Features of the kingdom Prokaryotae

A
  • Unicellular prokaryotes
  • Lack of a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Rigid cell wall.
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12
Q

Features of the kingdom Plantae

A
  • Multicellular eukaryotes
  • Photoautotrophs
  • Cellulose cell walls
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13
Q

Features of the kingdom Animalia

A
  • Multicellular eukaryotes
  • No cell wall
  • Heterotrophic
  • Nervous coordination
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14
Q

Features of the kingdom Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Heterotrophic
  • Chitin cell walls
  • Grow by producing branching filaments called hyphae
  • Asexual reproduction via spores
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15
Q

Features of the kingdom protoctista

A
  • Mainly unicellular eukaryotes

- No differentiation into tissues

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16
Q

Different types of evidence used in classification:

A
  • Observations (organisms grouped based on similar physical characteristics).
  • Biochemical methods.
17
Q

DNA profiling

A

A method of determining the characteristics of an individual’s DNA - percentage of DNA or proteins shared between species is used to estimate relatedness.

18
Q

The advantage of using biochemical methods of classification.

A

Reduce mistakes made from observing physical features alone (due to morphological convergence).

19
Q

Homologous features

A

Have evolved from the same structure for different functions. They indicate a common ancestor.

20
Q

Analogous features

A

Structures that have evolved independently for the same functions.

21
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

22
Q

What are the two components to a binomial name?

A

The genus and the species.

23
Q

What is the advantage of binomial naming?

A

The binomial system is universal.

24
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number of species and the number of individuals if each species in a specified geographic region.

25
Q

What mechanism has generated biodiversity?

A

Natural selection.

26
Q

When measuring the biodiversity of a habitat, what must ecologists consider?

A

Species richness (the number of different species found within an area) and species evenness (the number of individuals of each species living together in a community.

27
Q

How can biodiversity in a habitat be assessed?

A

Simpson’s Diversity index.

28
Q

What is Simpson’s Diversity index?

A
  • A value between 0 and 1 found (the greater the value the greater the biodiversity).
  • It considers both species evenness and richness.
29
Q

Polymorphism

A

The presence of different phenotypes among members of a single species.

30
Q

How can biodiversity be assessed at the molecular level?

A

Using DNA fingerprinting and sequencing.

31
Q

DNA sequencing

A

Determining the entire DNA nucleotide base sequence of an organism.

32
Q

How can DNA sequencing used to measure biodiversity?

A

Comparisons between members of the same species can identify variation in base sequences and hence estimate genetic biodiversity.

33
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature of an organism that increases its chances of survival in its environment.

34
Q

Types of adaptations:

A
  • Anatomical (changes to physical features).
  • Physiological (changes to bodily processes).
  • Behavioural (changes to actions).

Paper 1 - Bio (5 decks)

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