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Chapter 2 biodiversity > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Organism

A
  • Exists in a variety of shapes and sizes
    • Found in the water, inside or attached to other organism, in the soil, on land and in the air
    • Has special structure and behaviours (adaptations) that allow it to survive in its environment
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2
Q

Adaptation

A
  • A feature of an organism that enhances its ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
    • Required for each type of environment.
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3
Q

Biodiversity

A

• Refers to the variety of life, from the smallest microbed to the larges animals and plants.

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4
Q

Living water ( positive)

A

○ Water is an ideal environment for organism as it is stable living place that doesn’t change it temperature or composition easily.
○ Water is very buoyant, organism can grow to a large size; some ca do this without needing any support structure such as bones.

Sexual reproduction occurs more easily in water.

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5
Q

Living water (negative)

A

○ Minerals such as salt need to be in solution( mixed with water) to pass in and out of cells.
○ Amount of salts or other minerals in the water are too high or too low.

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6
Q

Living on land ( positive)

A

○ Does not need to compete against other organism for light and oxygen.
○ Light is abundant and is not blocked by turbulent water.
○ Carbon dioxide or oxygen is readily available in air where it moves freely than in water.
light Is essential for phosynthesis.

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7
Q

Living on land ( Negative)

A

○ Preventing excessive loss of water by evaporation
○ Maintaining a moist surface for gas exchange when the surrounding meduim is air instead of water; minerals can only pass across cell membranes in solution.
○ Transporting water and dissolved substances around the body.

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8
Q

Taxonomy

A
  • The science of naming and classifying living things based on physical and biochemical characteristics is called taxonomy.
    • The science of naming and classifying living things.
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9
Q

Taxon

A

(plural taxa) any group in a biological classification into which related organism are classified, for example phylum, class etc.

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10
Q

Lineanean

A
  • Each category in the Linnaean system represents a level of grouping from large group to smaller group with more specific characteristics.
    • Based the classification of plants on reproductive strutures.

The Linnaean system is based on similarities in obvious physical traits. It consists of a hierarchy of taxa, from the kingdom to the species. Each species is given a unique two-word Latin nam

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11
Q

Mutations

A
  • Small permanent change in the DNA of an organism.
    • Mutations in the DNA of cell cause change in an organism’s physical characteristics that may be transmitted from one generation to the next.
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12
Q

Species( lenean system)

A

Taxonomic group, allocated two (singular genus) names; only members of the same species can produce fertile offspring when mating under natural conditions

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13
Q

Genus

A

• Classification category between family species; first part of the scientific name of an organism.

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14
Q

Grouping organism

A

Domain , kingdom ,phylum, class, order ,family ,genus , species.

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15
Q

Bionomial nomenclature

A

• method of naming species of organism with two parts: the generic and specific name.

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16
Q

Scientific nomentclature

A

• Different species are given scientific names.

The scientific name always refers to one specific type of organism and is used worldwide

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17
Q

Genus and species

A
  • scientific name consists of genus name and a specific name.
    • Group of closely related species, probably arise from common ancestor, belonging to the same genus.
    • The specific name indicates the particular species within that genus.
    • The genus name begins with a capital letter and the specific in lower case.
    • Genus is always placed first in the scientific name.
    • A specific name, on the other hand, is meaningless when written alone since it can be used as a descriptor for many unrelated genera.
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18
Q

specific name

A

• The descriptive name of a species.

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19
Q

Species

A

• Defined as a group of similar organisms whose members can interbreed with each other in their natural environments to produce organism whose members can interbreed with each other in their natural environment to produce living, fertile offspring.

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20
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

• Inability of different population or species to successfully interbreed due to behavioural structural or physiological features of the organism
• Implies that two different species cannot interbreed to produce offspring
• Which can result of;
○ Different types of behaviour
○ Different requirements from the same environment, use different parts of the same environment or from physical barrier running through the environment.
○ Different arrangements of the genetic material within the cells

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21
Q

hybrid

A

• Offspring resulting from cross between parents are genetically unalike, for example two closely related species or varieties within a species.

22
Q

Species limitations

A
  • Although specie concept work well with sexually reproducing animals.
    • It provide problems in classifying many other organisms
23
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes do no form gametes such as eggs or sperm.
    • They do not exchange genetic material when thy reproduce
    • They instead, produce identical clones. Due to their ability to reproduce in natural condition cannot be tested.
24
Q

Fossils

A
  • are the remains and/ or impression of dead organism that are embedded in the rock record
    • As they are no longer alive, they cannot be classified on the basis of their ability to reproduce
    • Many fossils are found separately( such as leaves and flowers), so each is given a different species name even though they are the same species.
25
Q

Apomixis

A
  • Refers to the ability of an embryo to develop without fertilization.
    • Asexual reproduction
    • In animals this process is called parthenogenesis
26
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • Reproduction from an ovum without fertilization in animals
    • Although parthenogenesis can occur in plants, the undergo form of apomixis where the embryo develops from the cells of the ovule.
27
Q

Ring species

A

• Connected series of neighbours (ring species) are capable of sexually reproducing with the neighbours on either side of each other
• Different populations get further away from each other, they become more different, until the populations at each end of the ring cannot reproduce to produce viable offspring.
•

28
Q

Infertile organisms

A

Many social insect (such as bees, ants, termites) have different castes of males, fertile females and infertile female

29
Q

varities and subspecies

A

• Have been many attempts to establish an all embracing definition of specie some of;
○ Refer only to fixed characteristics, mate recognition, genetic similarity or environmental requirement.
○ Some organisms do not fulfill all requirement of the definition such as environment in which they live, species are subject to change.
• Some species may differ, but not enough to be considered separate species.
○ They are place into categories called varieties
• In other situations, members of a particular species are reproductively isolated because the live in different places with limited overlap between their ranges
• Those members at the far ends of the range are geographically isolated.
• Groups have adaptions that better suit them to their particular habitats, but they still belong to the same species because they are still potentially capable to interbreed.
• Ring species are not considered to be subspecies of a single species.

30
Q

varieties

A

• A group that distinctly differs from another varieties within the species.

31
Q

Geogrphic isolation

A

• A physical barrier that prevents interbreeding between members of different population of a species.

32
Q

subspecies

A

• A rank immediately below a species; a population that is genetically distinguishable from other populations of the same species in a particular geographic region, capable of interbreeding successfully where ranges overlap.

33
Q

race

A

• One group of a population that is genetically different from other groups as a result of having a different range .

34
Q

Diagnostic features

A

• Are those characteristics that distinguish one group from all others, most generally at the kingdom level.

35
Q

Divergent and covergent evolution

A

• Homologous structures and adaptive radiation
○ Taxonomist use the internal as well as external structure of organism to classify it into groups.
○ Structures that share a similar internal structure, despite have a slightly different function, are termed homologous structure.
○ This suggest that they all shared a recent common ancestor.
○ Greater the number of homologous organs different species have, the closer is the relationship between them.

36
Q

Divergent evolution

A
  • As similar organism begin to diversify when two groups are exposed to different selection pressures.
    • Due to the different environmental pressure species will have different charactertics
    • Their distinguishing characteristics diverge from shared common ancestor, resulting in divergent evolution.
37
Q

Analogous structure

A
  • Other organisms have similar looking characteristics, with similar functions; however, their shared common ancestor is much further back in time than it initially appears.
    • For example; birds wings develop a bony skeleton, while insect don’t. although bot wings serve same function, they show no evidence of relatedness.
    • The wings are said to be analogous structures
    • Similar structure with similar functions due to similar environmental selection pressures.

This process of selecting common distinguishing characteristics from different ancestral forms due to similar selection pressure called convergent evolution

38
Q

convergent evolution

A

• The independent development of similarities between species as a result of their having similar ecological role and selection pressures.

39
Q

Vestegenial structure

A
  • A structure with no apparent function, but which may have had a function in an ancestral species.
    • Also taken as evidence of a common ancestral origin.

Anatomical structures of fossils are compared with those of living organisms in order to determine any relationship between them

40
Q

comparative embryology

A

• The study of fertilised cell that results from two gametes ( egg and sperm or pollen and ova ) is called embryology.

41
Q

geogrphic ditribution

A

• Natural range of the various forms of animals and plants in the different regions and localities of the earth.

42
Q

molecular analysis

A
  • A branch in which the molecular basses if biological activity of molecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins is studied.
    • This means the construction of cladograms using molecular data has become more detailed.
43
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species is called phylogeny.

44
Q

Phylogenetic classification

A
  • Shows the evolutionary history of a species or group.

* Points where different groups separated from recent common ancestor.

45
Q

Shared Characteristics

A

A feature that all members of a group have in common

46
Q

Derived characteristic

A

A feature that sets members of that clade apart from other individuals

47
Q

Cladistics

A
  • A system of phylogenetic analysis that uses shared or derive characteristics as the only criteria for grouping taxa.
    • Assumed that as group of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group they retain some unique common characteristics.
    • Basic idea behind cladistics is that members of a group shared a common evolutionary history and are more closely related than members of another group.

Organisms are classified to the order in time that groups arise along a phylogenetic tree.

48
Q

Clade

A

• A group of organism that is believed to comprise a common ancestor and all of its evolutionary descendants.

49
Q

Cladogram

A
  • Is composed of a series of branches where each separation is defined by a new feature.
    • Other cladograms show a group of specie with its most recent common ancestor but do not show all descendants of the ancestor.
50
Q

Cladogenesis

A

The making of a clade by means of an ancestor species evolving into two or several new species

51
Q

hree basic assumptions are made in cladistics

A

• Any group are related by descent from a common ancestor
• There is bifurcating pattern in cladogenesis. Which means new kinds of organisms may arise when existing population divide into exactly two groups.
○ This assumption also does not consider possibility of interbreeding between distinct groups.
• Change in characteristics occurs in lineages over time. Cladistics use the term plesiomorphic for ‘ original’ characteristic and apomorphic for the characteristic derived from it.

52
Q

Chromosome and DNA analyse

A

• Karyotype
○ Is a description of the number and arrangement of DNA into chromosomes present in the cell of an organism.
• Difference between the types of chromosomes in any specie can be determine by the;
○ Position of centromere
○ Banding on the chromosomes.
• Molecule such as nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA and protein can be compared to determine cladogram.
• Molecular clock assumes that section of DNA will mutate at constant rate. The greater the number of mutations, the more time has passed for the mutations to accumulate.

Chapter 2 biodiversity (1 decks)

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