Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology- genes and variation > biodiversity > Flashcards

biodiversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is classification?

A

the organisation of living organisms into groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

the theory and practice of biological classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is artificial classification?

A
  • based on analogous (visible) characteristics

- not based on evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

give some examples of artificial classification:

A
  • colour
  • size
  • wings?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is phylogenetic classification?

A
  • based on shared features from their ancestors

- based on evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gives an example of phylogenetic classification:

A

limbs in mammals have similar structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is an analogous structure?

A

they have the same function but could have very different ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does homologous mean?

A

when organisms have similar evolutionary origins/structures regardless of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what 2 groups are used to form a binomial name?

A

genus and species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 4 kingdoms in a eukarya?

A
  • protocrista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • animalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some features of archea?

A
  • single celled prokaryotes
  • similar shape/size to bacteria
  • genes and protein synthesis similar to eukaryotes
  • no murein in their cell walls
  • more complex form of RNA polymerase for transcription and translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the positives of identifying organisms by their physiological features?

A
  • easy
  • cheap
  • does not require advanced equipment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the negatives of identifying organisms by their physiological features?

A
  • may look similar but may not be at all
  • patterns of inheritance not clear
  • genes are polygenic e.g human height
  • may be a result of similar environment not evolutionary relationships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how can we get more accurate definition of a species?

A

by comparing:

  • DNA or mRNA base sequences e.g the exact order of nucleotides
  • amino acid sequence in proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do DNA base sequences allow us to do?

A
  • determine the exact order of nucleotide bases
  • determine how diverse organisms are
  • show that a mutation=new species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the negatives of DNA base sequencing?

A
  • can be expensive

- can be time consuming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does comparing amino acid sequencing allow us to do?

A
  • can determine the order of DNA and mRNA

- show that the similarity of amino acid sequence=similarity of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the negatives of amino acid sequencing?

A
  • expensive
  • time consuming
  • some DNA will be non-coding
19
Q

describe the process of DNA hybridisation:

A
  • heat to separate strands of DNA (by breaking hydrogen bonds)
  • cross combine the single strands of DNA
  • cool to allow the hydrogen bonds to reform (renaturation)
  • determine the degree of hybridisation
20
Q

what do different degrees of hybridisation represent?

A
  • complete hybridisation=identical organisms
  • partial hybridisation=organisms partially related
  • no hybridisation=organisms unrelated
21
Q

how can we tell how many hydrogen bonds have reformed in DNA hybridisation? what does this show?

A
  • increase the temperature more and record the temperature needed to separate 2 strands
  • higher temp required=greater no. of hydrogen bonds formed=greater similarity in DNA=closer related the species
22
Q

name 3 factors that reduce biodiversity:

A
  • deforestation
  • polluting rivers/lakes/oceans
  • global warming
  • hunting and farming
23
Q

how does agriculture affect biodiversity?

A
  • monoculture-growing only one species
  • lack of intercropping-reducing species grown
  • competition for space-habitats cannot grow and there is thus not enough space for all species
  • use of pesticides and fertilisers-kills insects and smaller animals/enters water cycle
  • cattle-release of methane (ghg)/trampling/overgrazing
  • draining wetland and marshes- destroys habitats and removes nutrients
  • removing hedgerows-kills animals living in them
24
Q

how does deforestation affect biodiversity?

A
  • 50,000 species lost every year due to deforestation
  • direct loss of species
  • loss of habitats lead to loss of species
25
Q

what is deforestation and why does it occur?

A

the permanent clearing of forests and the conversion of land to other uses, such as:

  • agriculture
  • tourism
  • medicine
  • settlement
26
Q

what is intraspecific variation?

A

variation WITHIN a species

27
Q

what is interspecific variation?

A

variation BETWEEN a species

28
Q

what are the 2 methods that scientists use to retrieve numerical data for biodiversity?

A

quadrats and transects

29
Q

why do scientists have to take more than one measurement?

A
  • unreliability

- it may be unrepresentative/bias

30
Q

what is sampling bias? how can it be avoided?

A
  • choices made by the investigator are biased
  • sample is unrepresentative
  • can be avoided using random sampling
31
Q

what is chance variation? how can it be avoided?

A
  • even if bias is avoided it may not be a representative sample
  • it is suggesting that all individuals are the same
  • can be avoided by increasing sample size
32
Q

what is species diversity?

A

the number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

33
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

the variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up any one species

34
Q

what is ecosystem diversity?

A

the range of different habitats within a particular area

35
Q

what is the formula to work out species diversity?

A

N(N-1) / the sum of n(n-1)

36
Q

what does N represent in the formula for species diversity?

A

total number of organisms of all species

37
Q

what does n represent in the formula for species diversity?

A

total number of organisms of each species

38
Q

what is standard deviation?

A

determines the extent to which chance may have influence the data and how much the data deviates from the mean. the lower the standard deviation, the more accurate the results

39
Q

what is the formula for standard deviation?

A

the square root of the sum of (x-mean of x)^2 / n-1

40
Q

what does x stand for in the formula for standard deviation?

A

the measured value from sample

41
Q

what does n stand for in the formula for standard deviation?

A

the total no of value in sample

42
Q

what does courtship behaviours allow species to do?

A
  • identify members of their own species (to allow production of fertile offspring)
  • identify a mate that is capable of breeding
  • to form a pair bond (to allow successful raising of offspring)
  • to synchronise mating (maximum chance of gametes meeting)
43
Q

how do some animals display courtship behaviours?

A
  • colours
  • sounds/songs
  • ‘dance’ like movements

Biology- genes and variation (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions