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biology module 4 mine > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biodiversity

A

measure of variation found in the living world

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2
Q

habitat biodiversity

A

range of habitats in which different species live

e.g. woodland meadow streams

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3
Q

species biodiversity

A

range of organisms found in a habitat

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4
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

genetic biodiversity

A

variation between individuals belonging to the same species

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6
Q

Sampling and its uses (3)

A
  • Taking measurements of a limited number of individual organisms present in a particular area
  • measures particular characteristics and abundance of species
  • helps make predictions or generalisations
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7
Q

Random sampling

A

Selecting individuals by chance, each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected e.g. randomly generated coordinates

adv: data isnt biased (like selective sampling)
disadv: may not cover all parts of the habitat equally, species with low presence may be missed so underestimate in biodiversity

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8
Q

Non-random sampling

A

opportunistic, stratified and systematic

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9
Q

Opportunistic sampling (non-random)

A

Sampling decisions based on prior knowledge eg sampling area with particular species.

adv: easier and quicker than random sampling
disadv: data may be biased, presence of large and colourful species entices sampler, overestimate of its importance and overestimate of biodiversity

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10
Q

Stratified sampling (non-random)

A

dividing a habitat into areas which appear different and sampling each area separately

adv: ensures all different are as are sampled, species arent underepresented due to missing areas
disadv: may lead to overepresentation of some areas

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11
Q

systematic sampling (non-random)

A

samples are taken at fixed intervals across the habitat - line and belt transects

adv: useful when habitat shows clear gradient to some environmental factor e.g drier further from pond
disadv: only the species on the line or within belt recorded, underestimate in biodiversity

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12
Q

Different sampling techniques for animals

A
  • Pooter: small insects collected in jar, suitable for low vegetation or water
  • Sweep nets: small organisms like insects caught in long nets
  • Pitfall traps: small invertebrates and mammals, trap should contain little water to stop escaping
  • Tree beating- knock out small animals
  • Tullgren funnel: collects small animals from leaf litter, light drives animals down
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13
Q

estimating population size from sampling

A
  • capture a sample of animals
  • mark each individual (no harm) this is c1
  • release the marked animals
  • capture sample on second occasion, this is c2
  • the number of already marked animals captured on the second time is c3
  • total population = c1xc2
    c3
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14
Q

species evenness

A

measure of how evenly a species is represented (e.g. how many of each species)

habitat with even number of individuals in each species is more diverse than one which individuals of one species outnumber others

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15
Q

species richness

A

measure of how many different species are present in a habitat

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16
Q

biodiversity measures…

A

species evenness and species richness

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17
Q

how to measure species richness

A

counting number of species present in habitat

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18
Q

measuring species evenness

A

record percentage cover of each plant species

calculate how many animals of each species

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19
Q

calculating overall biodiversity combining species richness and evenness (simpsons index of diversity)

A

D = 1- sum of (n / N)2
draw table with n column, n/N column and (n/N)2 column.

n= number of individuals of a particular species 
N= total number of individuals from all species (all n's added)

add up all values for (n/N) to get sum value then minus from 1 to get diversity number

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20
Q

interpreting simspons diversity index values

A

high value = diverse habitat
small changes in environment affects one species, small proportion of individuals affected, habitat can withstand change

low value = low diversity
small changes can damage the whole habitat e.g. disease or predator

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21
Q

genetic diversity

A

where more than one allele for a particular locus leading to variations within individuals of same species

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22
Q

why measure genetic diversity

A

can assess the value of the population as a resource for conservation

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23
Q

calculating genetic diversity

A

calculate number of loci in one individual that are heterozygous (however does not give good measure of population as a genetic resource)

another measurement involves calculating percentage of loci in population that have more than one allele

24
Q

polymorphic gene locus

A

having more than two alleles at a locus, this increases genetic diversity

25
Q

How can mutations affect biodiversity?

A
  • occur in DNA and creates new allele so increases genetic diversity
26
Q

How does natural selection affect biodiversity

A
  • species evolve to code for characteristics that code for advantageous characteristics
  • less advantageous genes will be lost overtime
  • decreases genetic diversity
27
Q

Factors that affect genetic biodiversity (7)

A
  • Mutations in DNA
  • Interbreeding; - individuals from two populations breed and transfer alleles, causes gene flow
  • selective breeding- - few individuals in population selected for their advantageous characteristics and bred so can even cause genetic erosion where specific breeds die out
  • artificial cloning
  • natural selection– species evolve to code for characteristics that code for advantageous characteristics
  • less advantageous genes will be lost overtime
  • founder effect: when a small sample of original population establishes in anew area, gene pool not as diverse
  • genetic drift: chance mutations cause changes in allele frequency in a population from small number of parents. An example is genetic bottleneck caused by catastrophic events
28
Q

importance of sampling

A 
- impossible to count every 
  individual
-sample provides estimate 
-sample is representative of 
 whole area
29
Q

Outline the significance of a low value of Simpson’s Index of Diversity

A

habitat dominated by one/few species

ecosystem / habitat , is unstable / less likely to cope with change

30
Q

Outline an unbiased sampling method that can be used to measure the biodiversity of plant
species in grassland

A

1 (use of) quadrat ;

2a random (sampling) ;
3a placing measuring tapes (at right angles) / use grid ;
OR
2b use of transect
3b (quadrat / point frame) placed at regular intervals (systematic sampling)

4 use of identification key
5 method used to determine
abundance - percentage cover
6 repeat many times / idea of considering appropriate
number of samples ;
7 sample at different , seasons / times of year

31
Q

importance of biodiversity

A
  • Maintains balanced ecosystem as all species are dependant
32
Q

Human activity that affects biodiversity (3)

A
  • Deforestation
  • Agriculture: increases monoculture (crop consisting of one strain of the species so limits genetic diversity)
  • Clearing land for housing
  • Climate change; human activity increases global warming which means species less able to adapt reducing variation
33
Q

ecological reasons to mantain biodiversity

A

when one species is affected by human activity it will affect other species especially with keystone species

34
Q

keystone species

A

one that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance
catastrophic effect on habitat

35
Q

economic reasons to mantain biodiversity

A

loss of biodiversity would cuase depletion of soil so less crops
biodiversity allows discovery of medicines
crop pollination
purification of water
detoxification and recycling of waste

36
Q

conservation in situ

A

carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment

37
Q

examples of conservation in situ

A
  • legislations to stop stuff like hunting logging and clearing land for agriculture
  • wildlife reserves: designated areas established for conservation of habitats
38
Q

how to choose wildlife reserve?

A
  • how many species represented?
  • is area large enough to provide long term survival?
  • is there a full range of diversity within each species
39
Q

conflict due to conservation

A

with local people because:

  • protected animals come out of reserve and destroy crops
  • people continue to hunt protected animals (poach)
  • illegal harvesting of timber
  • tourists feeding protected animals or leaving litter
40
Q

wildlife reserves in UK

A
  • national parks
  • NNR national nature reserves
  • SSSIs sites of special scientific interest
  • marine conservation zones
41
Q

advantages of in situ conservation

A
  • plants and animals are conserved in natural environment
  • permenantly protects biodiversity
  • provides oppurtunity for ecologically sustainable land uses
  • facilitates scientific research
42
Q

disadvantages of in situ conservation

A
  • endangered habitats may be fragmented and each small area may not be large enough to ensure survival
  • population may already have lost much genetic diversity
  • conditions that caused endangerment may be still be present
  • area attracts tourists who can cause disturbance
43
Q

conservation ex situ

A

conservation outside the normal habitat of the species

44
Q

examples of ex situ conservation

A

zoos
botanic gardens
seed banks

45
Q

conservation in zoos

A
  • breed endangered species
  • reproductive technologies like freezing sperm,eggs or embryos preserve genetic material
  • artificial insemination, IVF and embryo transfer used
46
Q

advantages of ex situ conservation

A 
- organisms are protected 
  from predation and 
  poaching 
- health of individuals can 
  be monitored, medical 
  assistance available
- populations can be divided 
  in case of disaster
- genetic diversity can be 
  measured
- selective breeding to 
  increase genetic diversity 
- IVF used to increase 
  reproductive success
- conservation sites can 
   raise funds as attraction 
   site
47
Q

disadvantages of ex situ conservation

A 
- captive population likely to 
  have limited genetic 
  diversity 
- animals exposed to range 
  of diseases
- organisms living our 
  natural habitat
- nutritional issues can be 
  difficult to manage
- correct environmental 
  conditions hard to achieve 
  and may be expensive
- hard to reintroduce
48
Q

botanic gardens uses

A 
ex situ conservation of plants 
easier than animals bc:
- dormant stage of seed
  seeds produced in large 
  numbers, cn be collected 
  with little disturbance to 
  ecosystem
- seeds can be stored and 
  germinated 
- seeds small so can store 
  more
- plants bred asexually
- tissue culture increase no.
- can be replanted into wild
49
Q

problems with botanic gardens

A 
- funding camn be difficult, 
  fewer people sponsor 
  plants
- collecting wild seeds still 
  causes disturbance
- collected samples may not 
  have representative level of 
  genetic diversity 
- plants bred asexually are 
  genetically identical - 
  reduces genetic diversity
50
Q

seed banks

A 
collection of seed samples
- contain seeds that remain 
  viable for decades 
-provide seeds for food 
 crops and building materials
51
Q

storage of seeds

A 
- seeds stored in very dry or 
  freezing conditions to 
  increase viability 
- essential to test seeds at 
  regular intervals to check 
  viability
52
Q

conservation agreements

A 
- CITES (convention on 
  international trade of wild 
  fauna and flora)
- Rio convention on 
  biological diversity 
- Countryside stewardship 
  scheme (local scheme)
53
Q

CITES

A

aims to ensure international trade of wildlife doe not threaten survival

  • ensures trade for commercial purposes prohibited
  • regulate and monitor trade
54
Q

Rio convention on biological diversity

A 
promotes sustainable development, recognises peoples needs as a part of conservation so aims to
- conservation of biological 
  diversity
- sustainable use of it
- shared access to genetic 
  resources
- sharing of scientific knowledge

promotes sharing of ex situ conservation genetic material

55
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

A 
prvides funding to farmers to deliver effective environmental management on land 
- looking after wildlife and 
  habitats
- protecting historic features 
  and natural resources
- ensuring traditional 
  livestock and crops are 
  conserved
- provide opportunities for 
  people to visit and learn

biology module 4 mine (1 decks)

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