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Biology Module 4 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Which factors cause the number of alleles in a population to increase?

A
  • Mutations

- Gene flow

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2
Q

How is gene flow created?

A

Interbreeding between different populations. Alleles are transferred between the two populations.

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3
Q

Which factors cause the number of alleles in a population to decrease?

A
  • Selective breeding (artificial selection)
  • Artificial cloning
  • Founder effect
  • Genetic bottleneck
  • Genetic drift
  • Rare breeds
  • Captive breeding
  • Natural selection
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4
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Only few individuals within a population are selected for their advantageous characteristics and bred.

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5
Q

What is captive breeding?

A

Only small number of captive individuals are available for breeding.

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6
Q

What is rare breeds?

A

When selective breeding was used historically to produce a breed of domestic animal or plant with characteristics which become less popular. So numbers of individuals of the breed will decrease. So only few remain for breeding.

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7
Q

What is artificial cloning?

A

Asexual reproduction

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8
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Species evolve to contain the advantageous alleles. Few individuals without the advantageous allele will remain.

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9
Q

What is genetic bottlenecks?

A

Few individuals within a population survive a change or event, thus reducing the gene pool.

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10
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Small number of indiviuals create a new colony which is geographically isoslated from the original. The gene pool for this new population is small.

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11
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Due to the random nature of alleles being passed on from parents to their offspring, the frequency of occurrence of an allele will vary.

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12
Q

In what type of population is genetic drift more pronounced?

A

Populations with a low genetic diversity.

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13
Q

How can scientists quantify genetic biodiversity?

A

Measure polymorphism

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14
Q

What are polymorphic genes?

A

Have more than one allele.

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15
Q

What is the gene loci?

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome.

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16
Q

The greater the proportion of polymorphic gene loci…

A

… the greater the genetic biodiversity within the population

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17
Q

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

A

Separate fragments of DNA, based on their size.

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18
Q

How are humans mainly destructing the biodiversity?

A

Deforestation
Agriculture
Climate change

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19
Q

What 4 ways does deforestation affect biodiversity?

A
  • Reduces number of trees
  • Species diversity is reduced if only one type of tree is felled
  • Reduces number of animal species
  • Animals forced to migrate
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20
Q

How do farmers be economically viable?

A

Deforestation to increase area of land for crops.

Removal of hedgerows

Use of chemicals e.g. pesticides and herbicides

Herbicides used to kill weeds

Monoculture

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21
Q

Why do famers remove hedgerows?

A

Enable them to use large machinery to help them plant, fertilise and harvest crops.

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22
Q

How do famers decide which crops to grow?

A

Based on characteristics to give a high yield.

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23
Q

What does IPCC stand for?

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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24
Q

What did the IPCC summarise?

A

Scientists current understanding of climate change.

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25
Q

When was the IPCC produced and how long did it take?

A

2007 and took 6 years

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26
Q

What were 4 key findings of the IPCC?

A

1) Average amount of water vapour in the atmosphere has increased since 1980s.
2) Since 1961, the average temperature of the global ocean down to depths of 3km has increased.
3) Average Arctic temperature have increased at twice the global rate in the past 100 years.
4) Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined.

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27
Q

Give 4 ways global warming affects biodiversity?

A
  • Melting of polar ice caps means loss of habitat and migration of animals further north.
  • Rising sea levels from melting ice caps.
  • Higher temperature and less rainfall means some species fail to survive. Xerophytes become dominant.
  • Insect life cycles and populations will change as they adapt to climate change.
28
Q

What are the 3 reasons to maintain biodiversity?

A

1) Aesthetic
2) Economic
3) Ecological

29
Q

What are the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Enrich our lives
  • Inspiration for writers
  • Patients recover more quickly from stress when supported by plants
30
Q

What are the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • Important to conserve all organisms that are used to make things
  • Species with potential economic importance may be extinct before being discovered
  • Plant varieties needed for cross breeding, which can lead to better characteristics
  • Promote tourism
31
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Species which play a key role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community.

32
Q

What are the 2 main ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • All organisms are interdependent on others
  • Keystone species have a disproportionately large effect on their effect on their environment relative to their abundance.
33
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

Within the natural habitat

34
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

Out of the natural habitat

35
Q

What is conservation?

A

Preservation and careful management of the environment and natural resources.

36
Q

What are extinct species?

A

No organisms of the species exist anywhere in the world.

37
Q

What are extinct in the wild species?

A

Organisms of the species only exist in captivity.

38
Q

What are endangered species?

A

A species that is in danger of extinction.

39
Q

What are venerable species?

A

A species that is considered likely to become endangered in the near future.

40
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Economic development that meets the needs of people today

41
Q

What does in situ conservation maintain?

A

Genetic diversity and evolutionary adaptations that enable a species to adapt continually to changing environmental conditions.

42
Q

Give 4 management techniques for wildlife reserves

A

Controlled grazing
Restricting human access
Reintroduction of species
Removal of invasive species

43
Q

What is an example of a marine conservation zone?

A

Lundy Island

44
Q

What is the purpose of marine conservation reserves?

A

Create areas of refuge within which populations can build up and repopulate neighbouring areas.

45
Q

Give 2 in situ conservation techniques…

A

Wildlife reserves

Marine reserves

46
Q

Give 3 ex situ conservation techniques…

A

Botanic gardens
Seed banks
Captive breeding programmes

47
Q

What are seed banks?

A

A store of genetic material.

48
Q

How are seeds kept in a seed bank?

A

Dried and stored below -20 degrees.

49
Q

Why are seeds stored below -20 degrees?

A

To maintain their viability, by slowing down the rate at which they lose their lose their ability to germinate.

50
Q

What is the problem of seed banks?

A

Some seeds die when dried and frozen. (especially tropical rainforest)

51
Q

What are botanic gardens and why are they good?

A

Plants given soil nutrients, sufficient watering and prevention of pests.

52
Q

What are captive breeding programmes?

A

Produce offspring in a human controlled environment

53
Q

What are the aims of captive breeding programmes?

A

Create a stable, healthy population and then gradually reintroduce the species back to their natural habitat.

54
Q

Give an example of a captive breeding programme…

A

Zoos e.g. The National Marine Aquarium in South West Englands

55
Q

What does The National Marine Aquarium focus on?

A

Sea horses

56
Q

Why can some organisms born in captivity not be released into the wild?

A

Diseases, behaviour, genetic make up is so different that the two populations cannot interbreed.

57
Q

What does the IUCN stand for?

A

International Union of the Conservation of Nature.

58
Q

What does the IUCN do?

A

Publishes a red book listing the current conservation status of threated animals.

59
Q

What did the IUCN establish?

A

CITES

60
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species.

61
Q

What does CITES do?

A

Regulates international trade of wild plant and animal specimens and their products.

62
Q

What is the Rio Convention of 1992?

A

172 nations got together in the Earth Summit.

63
Q

What did the Rio Convention discuss?

A

CBD

64
Q

What does CBD stand for?

A

Convention on Biological Diversity

65
Q

What does CBD do?

A

Requires countries to develop national strategies for sustainable development, thus ensuring the maintenance of biodiversity.

Biology Module 4 (2 decks)

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