Biodiversity

Question 1

Define biodiversity

Answer 1

Diversity of genes, species and ecosystems and their variability and ability to change and adapt (convention on biodiversity CBD)

Question 2

Name 4 kinds of ecosystem services

Answer 2

Provisioning: food, water
Regulating: climate regulation, flood systems
Cultural: education, recreation
Supporting: nutrient cycling/ soil formation

Question 3

Name 2 pressures humans place on the biodiversity of ecosystems

Answer 3

Population pressure

Consumption

Question 4

What is the difference between instrumental and intrinsic value of biodiversity?

Answer 4

Instrumental is for human use, such as economic (food, resources), Scientific (medicinal), Aesthetic (national parks)
Intrinsic: Value for its own sake, deep ecology ideology, unrelated to use

Question 5

What is the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

Answer 5

Relationship showing how as an economy develops pollution increases then decreases due to regulations, improved technology)

Question 6

What kinds of pollutants fit the EKC?

Answer 6

Local pollutants e.g. lead, sulfur

CO2 does not fit as it is a global pollutant which is exported, does not fit biodiversity

Question 7

What did Tisdell 2001 say about EKC and Biodiveristy?`

Answer 7

BD does not fit curve as:
there is irreversible loss
hard to measure scale of BD loss
hard to measure value of BD

Question 8

Describe Adams et al 2004 approach to poverty and conservation (1) “Poverty and Conservation as separate policy realms”

Answer 8

• Should be pursued independently
• conservation indirectly reduces poverty
• measure success in BD criteria

Question 9

Describe Adams et al 2004 approach to poverty and conservation (2) “Poverty as critical constraint to conservation”

Answer 9

-Poverty must be addressed in order to have successful conservation

Question 10

Describe Adams et al 2004 approach to poverty and conservation (3) “conservation should not impact poverty reduction”

Answer 10

• Pursuit of conservation shouldn’t increase poverty

- Social impact assessments are key

Question 11

Describe Adams et al 2004 approach to poverty and conservation (4) “Poverty reduction depends on living resource conservation”

Answer 11

-Conservation as a tool for poverty reduction
-BD increase is a secondary gain
Protected areas likely to be rejected as poverty is not core focus
-Core focus on poverty

Question 12

What are Myers Hotspots and some crtiques of this idea?

Answer 12

Areas with exceptional concentrations of endemic species and exceptional biodiversity loss.

Critiques:

• Simplistic
• Doesn’t consider other values (e.g. conservation is prioritized over poverty)
• What if the other non pristine habitats (Adams 2013)

Question 13

What is the CBD?

Answer 13

Convention on Biological Diversity, came from Rio 1992 conference

Question 14

What issues were there with the CBD?

Answer 14

• Objectives not met
• Protected areas made but little other progress
• Aichi targets (paper exercise?)

Question 15

What does Frontier conservation ignore?

Answer 15

Effects of industrialization, consumption and waste production
That the majority of people do not live in rural, intact ecosystems but transformed landscapes