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Biology Unit 2 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is intraspecific or genetic diversity?

A

Variety of alleles within a species.

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2
Q

What are the three levels of biodiversity?

A
  • Genetic/Intraspecific
  • Interspecific/Species
  • Ecosystem
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3
Q

What is interspecific or species diversity?

A

Variety of species within a community/habitat

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4
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Variety of habitats within an ecosystem.

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5
Q

In genetic diversity what are the two types of variation?

A

Continuous variation and Discontinuous variation.

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6
Q

How do you quantify genetic diversity?

A

Measuring the number of different alleles present within a species

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of continuous variation?

A
  • Have no distinct categories
  • Tends to be quantitative; each category continues from the last
  • Are polygenic; determined by a large number of genes
  • Significantly affected by the environment
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8
Q

Give examples of continuous characteristics in humans.

A

Height, hair colour, muscle efficiency.

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9
Q

What are the traits of the characteristics of discontinuous variation?

A
  • Distinct categories
  • Tends to be qualitative; no overlap between categories
  • Controlled by one gene or a small number
  • unaffected or slightly affected by the environment
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10
Q

Give Examples of discontinuous characteristics in humans.

A

Blood groups, detached ear lobes, straight or bent thumb

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11
Q

How do you study the cause of variation in humans?

A

Twin studies; studying the variation in characteristics between identical twins in comparison to the variation of the same characteristics in non-identical twins or siblings.

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12
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variability among living organisms from all sources. Diversity between species, within species and of ecosystems.

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13
Q

How do twin studies show whether characteristics are due to genetic or environmental factors?

A

Because twins are genetically identical, any differences between them, are probably due to environmental factors.

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14
Q

How is high genetic diversity the basis of survival and evolution of a species?

A

If a species has high genetic diversity, there will likely be individuals with the required characteristics to survive a change in environment. If low genetic diversity, a species is more likely to become extinct due to environmental changes.

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15
Q

What are three main causes of low genetic diversity?

A

Genetic bottlenecks, The founder effect and selective breeding

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16
Q

What causes genetic bottlenecks and what are they?

A

When a population is drastically reduced in size due to a catastrophe or change in environment. The remaining individuals will have a smaller range of alleles, so when they reproduce, there will be reduced genetic diversity.

17
Q

Give examples of genetic bottlenecks

A

Northern elephant seal
Cheetahs
Golden Hamster
Humans

18
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When small numbers of individuals colonise a new habitat and start a new isolated population, where the individuals have small range of alleles leading to low genetic diversity. Also called a colonisation bottleneck.

19
Q

What is selective breeding and how does it cause low genetic diversity?

A

The controlled breeding of animals or plants so that only individuals with certain characteristics can reproduce, reducing the number of alleles in the species resulting in low genetic diversity.

20
Q

How to measure interspecific diversity?

A

Taking samples using a transect and or quadrat

21
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of species in a sample

22
Q

What is species abundance?

A

The number of individuals of a species population in a community or habitat

23
Q

What is the Simpson diversity index?

A

A measure of richness AND abundance.
= N(n-1)/The sum of n(n-1)
Where N is total number of individuals and n is number of individuals in each species.

24
Q

How can you interpret the Simpson Diversity Index?

A

The higher the index, the better the species diversity. The lower the index, the worse the species diversity.

25
Q

What is the effect of agriculture on genetic diversity?

A
  • Selective breeding reduces diversity
  • Larger farms are more efficient but remove hedgerows which are important habitats
  • Herbicides, Pesticides and Fertilisers reduce diversity by killing species and those that use them as a food source

Biology Unit 2 (4 decks)

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