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Biology 110 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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0
Q

Colonial flagellate hypothesis

A

We came from a line of colonial flagellates

-Molecular systematics favor this.

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1
Q

The multinucleate hypothesis

A

We came from a line of multinucleate ciliates

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2
Q

Hox developmental gene

A

Provided a tool that can produce rapid change in body plan

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3
Q

Parazoa

A
  • lacks symmetry and tissues
  • consists only of Porifera (sponges)
  • have ability to aggregate and disaggregate their cells
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4
Q

Eumetazoa

A

Have symmetry and tissue

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5
Q

Diploblastic.

Triploblastic. (For eumetazoa)

A

2 germ layers

3 germ layers

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6
Q

Porifera reproduction

A

Asexual- fragmentation

Sexual- egg and sperm meet.

        - larval sponges use cilia for swimming.
        - settle down on a substrate 
        - transform into adults
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7
Q

Radial symmetry

A
  • body parts arranged around central axis

- can be bisected into 2 equal halves in any 2-D plane

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8
Q

Gastrodermis

A

Inner layer

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9
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer

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10
Q

Mesoglea

A

In between

  • non cellular
  • “jelly”
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11
Q

Which two phylum are diploblasts?

A

Cnidaria & Ctenophora

  • branch out before bilateria
  • have radial symmetry and only 2 germ layers
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12
Q

Porifera structure & layers

A
  • Inner Layer= specialized flagellate cells called choanocytes, or collar cells.
  • Central Layer= gelatinous protein-rich matrix called the mesohyl
  • calcium or glass spicules
  • fibers of protein spongin

•Outer layer= protective layer

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13
Q

Filter-feeders

A

Choanocyte flagella draws water through numerous small pores

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14
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Brings in food and oxygen and expels waste

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15
Q

Cnidaria

A
  • Nearly all marine
  • Bodies have distinct tissue but no organs
  • Carnivorous
  • Exist as either medusae or polyps
  • no circulatory, respiratory, or excretory system
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16
Q

Polyp

A

•Cylindrical and sessile

  • may reproduce sexually or asexually
    • budding(asexual)
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17
Q

Medusa

A

•Umbrella-shaped and free-living

-Medusae reproduce sexually

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18
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Digestion begins with fragmentation in the gastrovascular cavity

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19
Q

Nematocyst

A

Unique specialized cells

  • contain a small but powerful harpoon
  • used for food acquisition & defense

•located on the epidermis of Cnidarians

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20
Q

Ctenophora

A

A small phylum whose members are known as comb jellies, sea walnuts or sea gooseberries.

  • propel themselves with 8 rows of fused cilia
  • capture prey with a colloblast
  • symmetry isn’t strictly radial
  • have muscle cells reminiscent of a mesoderm
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21
Q

Bilateria

A

Bilaterally symmetrical

-all are triploblastic

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22
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Right and left halves that are mirror images

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23
Q

Cephalization

A

Evolution of a definite brain area

24
Q

Triploblastic layers

A

Inner endoderm
-gut lining

Outer ectoderm
-skin and nervous tissue

Middle mesoderm
-muscle and bone

25
Q

Acoelomates

A

No body cavity

26
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm

27
Q

Coelomates

A

Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm

•called the coelom

28
Q

Blastula

A

•Hallow ball of cells

-zygote divides to form a blastula

29
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening to outside

-blastopore becomes an opening to the digestive system

30
Q

Protostomes

A

Develop the mouth first from the blastopore

31
Q

Spiral cleavage

A

Cells “move” as they divide

-occurs in the subgroup spiralia

32
Q

Determinate development

A
  • Embronic cells will form specific body regions

* removed one embronic cell, and development ceases

33
Q

Origination of coelom

A
  • Forms from splitting the mesoderm

- Not all protostomes have one

34
Q

Spiralians

A
  • Grow by adding mass to an existing body

- Obvious spiral cleavage

35
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

• The flatworms are soft-bodied animals

  - Acoelomates
  - Move by ciliated epithelial cells

• 3 Major Classes

  • Turbellaria (Free-living)
  • Trematoda (Parasitic)
  • Cercomeromorpha (Parasitic)
36
Q

Turbellaria

A
  • Free-living flatworms

* Found in freshwater, marine, and even terrestrial environments.

37
Q

Cercomeromorpha

A

• Tapeworms
-Live as parasites within the bodies of other animals

• Most species occur in the intestines of vertebrates
- Absorb nutrients through their skin

38
Q

Trematoda

A

• Flukes

• Live as ecto or endo-parasites in the bodies of other animals.
-Attach by suckers, anchors, or hooks

• Life cycle involves 2 or more hosts

39
Q

Rotifera

A
  • “Wheel animals”
  • Pseudocoelomates
  • Spiralia
  • Complex internal organs

• Rapidly beating thick cilia at their heads (Corona)
-Corona may be used for transport or funneling in food.

40
Q

Mollusca

A

• 2nd most diverse phylum

  • Include snails, slugs, clams, octopuses, etc.
  • Most have remained in the ocean
41
Q

Mollusk Body Plan

A

• Except for Cephalopods, all mollusks have an open circulatory system.
-Organs bathes in blood and lymph

  • The muscular foot of a mollusk is adapted for locomotion, attachment, and food capture.
  • Have mantle
  • Most produce a calcium carbonate-rich shell
42
Q

Mantle

A

Epidermis that covers the dorsal side of the body

-Forms a cavity which houses the respiratory organs and the opening of excretory, reproductive and digestive organs.

43
Q

Classes of Mollusks

A
  • Polyplacophora
  • Gastropoda
  • Bivalvia
  • Cephalopoda
44
Q

Polyplacophora

A

•chitons

  • marine mollusks
  • oval bodies with 8 overlapping dorsal calcareous plates
  • most are grazing herbivores
45
Q

Gastropoda

A

•snails and slugs
-primarily marine

  • Pairs of tentacles with eyes at the ends
  • undergo torsion and coiling during embryological development
46
Q

Torsion

A

Mantle cavity and anus are moved from the posterior to the front

47
Q

Coiling

A

Spiral winding of the shell

48
Q

Bivalvia

A

•clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, and others.

  • have 2 lateral(left/right) shells hinged together dorsally
  • sessile filter-feeders
  • water circulation is mediated by siphons and rhythmic beating of cilia on gills
49
Q

Cephalopoda

A

•active marine predators

•foot
-series of arms equipped with suction cups

•have highly developed nervous systems
-complex behaviors and high level of intelligence

•can change color

50
Q

Annelida

A
  • Annelid worms always exhibit segmentation
  • The front segments contain specialized sensory organs
  • a ventral nerve cord connects at the ganglia in each segment with each other and the brain
  • move using their coelom as a skeleton
  • closed circulatory system
  • exchange o2 and CO2 through their body surfaces

2 classes: Polychaeta and Clitellata

51
Q

Polychaeta

A

Mostly marine worms

-have differentiated head

•have paired parapodia on most segments
-used in swimming, burrowing, crawling.

  • 2 sexes
  • many live in tubes
52
Q

Clitellata

A

•Earthworms- mostly terristrial. Live underground.

  • lack eyes and head
  • move through soil using chaetae

•hermaphroditic

-secretes mucus that holds the work together during copulation

•leeches

53
Q

Chaetae

A

Little chitinous bristles that anchor soil

54
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

Increase in size by molting their external cuticles or skeletons

55
Q

Nematoda

A

•roundworms comprising many species
-in marine, freshwater, and soil habitats

  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • segmented
  • pseudocoelomates
  • lack a defined circulatory system
  • flexible, thick cuticle.
  • lack specialized respitory organs and exchange oxygen through their cuticles
56
Q

Arthropoda

A

•Arthropods are most successful animal (2/3rd of all species)

-about 80% are insects

57
Q

Arthropod morphology

A
  • have jointed appendages
  • have an exoskeleton made of chitin and protein

•bodies are segmented
-some segments are fused into tagmata

  • open circulatory system
  • compound eyes or ocelli

-periodically undergo ecdysis

58
Q

Ecdysis

A

Shedding the outer cuticle layer of exoskeleton

Biology 110 (1 decks)

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