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Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

(Textbook) What is biodiversity (Biological Diversity)? How is it displayed in species?

A

Number and variety of organisms (in an area/ecosystem);

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2
Q

(Textbook)What is the definition of a species?

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed (all levels; the average descendant must be fertile)

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3
Q

(Textbook)Speciation

A

The long term process that evolves an origin species into a variety of similar but different species

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4
Q

(Textbook)Variation

A

Any differences between living organisms caused by genetic differences or environmental factors

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5
Q

(Textbook)Natural selection

A

The process in which favorable traits (that survive) become more common (as the less favorable ones die out) in successive generations

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6
Q

(Textbook)Structural Adaptation

A

Adaptations in which organisms change their body structure

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7
Q

(Textbook)Behavioural Adaptation

A

Adaptations in which organisms change their habits

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8
Q

(Textbook)Diversity Index

A

Diversity of species in an area (#species/#organisms in the same area, approximate)

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9
Q

(Textbook)Environment

A

Total of all living and non-living components that interact with the organism that has the environment

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10
Q

(Textbook)Natural selection (Def)

A

The process in which more favorable traits become more common, and less favorable traits become less common over time

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11
Q

(Semi-Textbook)Natural Selection (4 Statements)

A

1: All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive
2: There is incredible variation intraspecies
3: Some of these variations increase the chance of organism reproducing
4: Variations that are passed on change species’ genetics and characteristics over time

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12
Q

(Textbook)Niche

A
  • The skill set of an organism (can be broad or narrow)
  • How they meet their basic needs (food, shelter, water, etc.), - Their role in the environment (including all interactions with different organisms/species no matter if different or same)
  • Their habitat (can only be a certain niche in a certain environment)
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13
Q

(Semi-Textbook)3 Main Parts of a Niche

A

Habitat, Way of meeting basic needs (Skill set) , Interactions (role in environment),

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14
Q

(Textbook)Specialist

A

The niche of an organism is narrow, e.g.
- Only lives in certain areas (narrow habitat)
- Do not tolerate changing conditions
- Only uses a small amount of skills to meet their needs
- Few food sources
- Smaller populations
- Intraspecies competition
- Koalas, Pandas, etc.
- Less competition with other species (e.g. only they can eat that type of food)

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15
Q

(Textbook)Intraspecies

A

Between same species

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16
Q

(Textbook)Generalist

A

Broad niche, e.g.
- Lives in a lot of places
- Lots of food sources
- Tolerates many changing conditions
- Interspecies competition
- Large populations
- Pigeons, mice, humans, etc.

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17
Q

(Textbook)Interspecies

A

Between different species

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18
Q

EXTRA: Dependency

A

All interactions between species that depend on each other to survive (e.g. wolves eat pigs to survive hunger)

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19
Q

EXPLANATION (EXTRA):Dependency VS Symbiosis

A

In dependency, it can be any interaction and one organism can even die (e.g. predatory), Symbiosis is a close long term relationship

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20
Q

(Textbook)Competition

A

Organisms in opposition for the same resources (No matter if same species or not)

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21
Q

(Textbook)Symbiosis

A

A close, long-term relationship between species

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22
Q

(Textbook)Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship where the host is not affected and the other species benefits

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23
Q

(Textbook)Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship where both benefit

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24
Q

(Textbook)Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship where the host is harmed and the parasite benefits

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25
Q

Extra: Heterozygosity

A

H_observe = #heterozygotes/# of individuals (aka population)
H_expected = 1-Σ(p_i)^2 where p_i is the frequency of the i-th allele

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26
Q

Extra: Genetic Drift

A

Change in make up randomized, population decreases, impact of single organism chance increases

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27
Q

(Textbook)Taxonomy

A

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

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28
Q

(EXTRA Explanation)Taxonomy terms examples

A

Species: Human, Chimpanzee
Genus: Homo, Canis
Family: Hominidae, Canidae
Order: Primates
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animalia
Domain: Eukarya, Archaea

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29
Q

(Textbook)(BD2) 3 ways of reproduction that organisms use

A

Sexual, Asexual, Both

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30
Q

(2.1: Asexual Reproduction)

(Textbook)Asexual Reproduction (Definition)

A

-Only one parent
-Cloning (almost identical unless mutation)
-Common in bacteria, fungi

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31
Q

(Semi-Textbook EXPLANATION)Asexual Reproduction (Analysis)

A

Pro:
-Easy (1 parent)
-Save energy and time
-More offspring
Con:
-Vulnerable to disease (identical genes)
-Decreases variation

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32
Q

(Textbook)Asexual Reproduction (Types):
1: Binary Fission

A
  • Splits cells by duplicating contents
  • Identical (e.g. amoeba)
  • Prokaryotes
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33
Q

(Textbook)Asexual Spores

A

Spores a.k.a. plantlets: Single-celled reproductive structures
-Large quantities
-Identical organisms
-Fungi and algae, ferns
-Scattered around
-Cells that parent produces that can directly develop into an adult (e.g. ferns)
Zoospores: Uses flagellum (big tail, cilia is small hairs)

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34
Q

(Textbook)Budding

A

-Organism produces new group of cells (Bud)
-When bud is finished growing, it detaches
-Completely identical independent organism (e.g. sea sponges, hydra, yeast)

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35
Q

(Textbook)Vegetative Reproduction

A

-Plant Asexual Reproduction
-Meristems: Rapidly growing cells at the tips of roots and stems, like stem cells but plant (unspecialized) (clone cells), helps quick repairs (a type of stem cells)
-Used to repair damage
-Used to make clones of parents in certain positions (e.g. CUTTING; cutting a plant part and placing it in a new piece of soil, RUNNERS like strawberries, TUBERS like potatoes, RHIZOMES like ginger, GRAFTING like budwood (putting a plant stem onto another), layering, tissue culture, tubers)

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36
Q

(Textbook)Mitosis

A

-Duplicates cell usually in eukaryotes
-Somatic cells (non-sexual)
Process:
-Copies chromosomes (DNA) and organelles
-Split nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
-Two new genetically identical cells

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37
Q

(Explanation)Mitosis vs Binary fission

A

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

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38
Q

(Textbook)(2.2 Sexual Reproduction)

A

-2 Parents
-Offspring is genetically unique

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39
Q

(EXPLANATION) Sexual Reproduction: Analysis

A

Advantages:
-Biological Diversity
-Beneficial traits are passed on
-Healthier population and less vulnerable to disease
Disadvantages:
-Takes time
-Not efficient (hard to find a mate)
-Requires energy
-Special conditions for zygote to successfully grow to an embryo and the embryo to survive

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40
Q

(Textbook)Zygospores

A

Spore has two parents’ genetic material, usually in fungi or algae

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41
Q

(Textbook)Bacterial Conjugation

A

Directly transferring genetic material (between bacteria), a special form of sexual reproduction (no new organism created), recipient gets new genes

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42
Q

(Semi-Textbook)Plants:

A

Reproduce by forming seeds (embryo with cotyledon and seed coat and nutrients), joins pollen with ovule in ovary, fertilizes
-Petals fall off
-Ovary becomes pericarp/”fruit”

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43
Q

EXTRA: Evolution of Plants Order

A

Algae (Charophytes), Moss (Bryophytes), Ferns (Tracheophytes), Gymnosperms (Gymnospermae), Angiosperms (Anthophytes)

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44
Q

EXTRA Algae

A

Charophytes:
-Aquatic
-Osmosis
-No leaf, no root, no stem, no seeds, no flower, no fruit
-Spores
-Photosynthesis
-E.g. kelp, spirogyra (water silk)
- No Vascular tissue

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45
Q

EXTRA Moss

A

Bryophytes:
- Fake “root” (no transport of nutrients, only structural support),
- has stem, leaf, uses osmosis
- Spores
- Vascular tissue but no cambium

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46
Q

EXTRA: Ferns

A

Tracheophytes:
-Uses spores (in the back of the leaf)
-Has root, stem, leaf (fully functioning root)

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47
Q

(Textbook)Gymnosperms:

A

Gymnospermae:
-Seeds with no pericarp (covering layer, fruit/shell (orange/peanut)
-E.g. conifers, cycads
- Seed coat ≠ pericarp, flower, no fruit, no “nut”

-Simple definition: Exposed seed

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48
Q

(Textbook)Angiosperms:

A

Anthophytes:
-All 6 main components (Root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit, seed)
-Has pericarp covering seed
-E.g. strawberry, grape, corn, apple
-Most plants that we see today (most dominant taxon)

  • Simple definition: Flowering Plants
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49
Q

(Textbook)Zygote

A

The first cell of an organism

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50
Q

(Textbook)Describe a seed

A

Outside = Seed coat
Most inside part = food = cotyledon (dicot) = endosperm + cotyledon (monocot)
small leaf = leaf = epicotyl (tip = shoot = plumule)
Small stem = hypocotyl
Tip of small stem = radicle

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51
Q

(Textbook)Pollination

A

Pollen lands on stigma

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52
Q

(Textbook)Fertilization

A

Pollen interacts with ovule in ovary

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53
Q

(Semi-Textbook)External Fertilization

A

Both parents release gametes into the environment and hopefully they get fertilized

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54
Q

(Textbook)Why do plants reproduce both asexually and sexually?

A

Avoiding limitation and increasing chance of reproduction

55
Q

(Textbook)Why internal > external?

A

High fertility rate

56
Q

(Textbook)Heredity vs Genetics

A

Traits passed on = heredity
Branch of science that studies/explains heredity = genetics

57
Q

(Textbook)Animal

A
  • Sperm and egg combine in a liquid environment
  • Zygote forms and uses mitosis to form embryo, then fetus
  • X sperm and Y sperm (same 22 chromosomes, the 23rd is gender which is different) , only X egg, whichever joins together makes the zygote
58
Q

(Textbook)(2.1+2.2) Which organisms can reproduce both asexually and sexually?

A

Plants + Fungi

59
Q

(Textbook)(2.3 Variations) Continuous variation

A

Variation between individuals in a species that has range of possibilities (e.g., height, skin color, etc.)

60
Q

(Textbook)Discrete variation

A

Limited amount of possibilities (e.g. yes or no rolled tongue)

61
Q

(Textbook)(2.4 DNA + Traits) Dominant trait

A

(Trait = characteristic of organism)
Trait’s expression can be seen/expressed/shown and masks the recessive trait of the individual

62
Q

(Textbook)Recessive Trait

A

Trait that is not expressed in offspring unless both parents pass it down

63
Q

(In slides)Phenotype

A

The expressed version of all traits in an organism

64
Q

(In slides)Genotype

A

The genetics behind the phenotype (Collection of all alleles/Collection of all the specific types of all genes)

65
Q

(In slides)Nature vs Nurture

A

Genetics vs Experiences/Environment

66
Q

(Textbook)Mutations

A

Unexpected changes to DNA

67
Q

(Textbook)Mutagens

A

Things that cause mutations

68
Q

(Textbook)Too many mutations?

A

Health problems (cancer, down syndrome) or new species

69
Q

(Textbook)DNA

A

-Deoxyribonucleic acid
-Molecule discovered by Johann Miescher in 1868
-Is the “code” that organisms use to reproduce and control cells
-Reproduces itself, causes variations by merging/mutating
-Structure discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, (evidence by Rosalind Franklin)

70
Q
A
71
Q

(Textbook)Chromosomes

A

-Many strands of DNA clumped together
-Every human cell has 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
-One copy/set of 23 comes from each parent

72
Q

(Textbook)Gene

A

Part/Specific sequence in DNA that affects a certain trait/function in the organism/cell

73
Q

(Textbook)Structure of DNA

A

-Double helix/Coiled ladder
-In nucleus of cell
-Sides of ladder are made of alternating deoxyribose (sugars) and phosphates
-Middle of ladder are AT, CG nitrogen nucleotide bases connected by hydrogen bonds (not actual hydrogen)
-Nucleotides: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

74
Q

(Textbook)Genetic Code

A

Sequence of AT, CG that tells it how to control productions of protein in a cell, proteins control cell function

75
Q

(In slides)Karyotypes

A

Image of all 23 chromosome pairs

76
Q

(Textbook)(2.5 Cell Division) Meiosis (Sex cell division) (INFO)

A

-Only in gametes
-Gametes only have 23 chromosome individuals (not pairs)
-When combining sperm and egg (fertilization), zygote has 23+23=46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

77
Q

(Textbook)Gametes

A

Sex cells with half the chromosomes

78
Q

(Explanation) Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

-Mitosis = Somatic (non-sex cells), meiosis =Gametes (sex cells)
-Meiosis has 2 sets of divisions, while mitosis only has one division
-Final haploid (meiosis) has half (23) instead of 46 chromosomes, while diploid (mitosis) has 46 normally

79
Q

(Textbook)How many cells are in the human body?

A

60 to 100 trillion

80
Q

(Explanation)Meiosis: Phases

A

Interphase (Before meiosis):
G1, S, G2
Meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

81
Q

(Process Explanation) Interphase:

A

G1: Grows
S: Duplicates:
Example: Original chromosome U
1. Doubles in length, still one chromosome but forms two IDENTICAL sister chromatids joined at a CENTROMERE
2.
G2: Further growth, prepares for division, checks for errors

82
Q

(Meiosis I, reductional) Prophase I

A

Prophase I: Homologous Chromosomes (Chromosomes of the same traits but from different parents) oU and dU join, exchanging genetic information (usually split apart as chromatins)
-Synapsis: Pairing up (all 46), 4 chromatids per chromosome is a tetrad PAIR (Chromatids oU1, oU2, dU1, dU2 form chromosome pair xU)
-Exchanges/Crosses over genetic info (Genetic recombination)

83
Q

Prometaphase I

A

-Nuclear envelope breaks down completely
-Meiotic spindle fibers form
-Spindle fibers = microtubules
-Kinetochore = Protein disk outside of centromere that receipts microtubules/spindle fibers

84
Q

Metaphase I

A

After oU and dU form xU, xU and other chromosome pairs align at the (fake/imaginary) equator/metaphase plate

85
Q

Anaphase I

A

Uses enzymes to rip apart, pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
-xU = oU1 + oU2 + dU1 + dU2 + centromere (at metaphase plate)
After Anaphase: (oU1 + oU2) at one pole, (dU1 + dU2) at the other

86
Q

Telophase I:

A

Germ cell (original) splits into two haploid cells (half the chromosomes, only (n) vs diploid (2n))

87
Q

(Meiosis II, equational) Prophase II

A

-Chromosomes condense (more visible under microscope)
-Spindles form to prepare for division
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-No exchange of genes
(Different from Interphase, in Interphase no spindles, nuclear envelope intact)

88
Q

Prometaphase II

A

-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Spindle fibers or microtubules attach to kinetochores
-

89
Q

Metaphase II

A

Align at metaphase plate of cell

90
Q

Anaphase II

A

-Separates sister chromatids (oU1 and oU2 separate)
-oU1 and oU2 are now considered INDIVIDUAL chromosomes with genetics from dU as well

91
Q

Telophase I + Cytokinesis

A

-Cell splits
-Nuclear envelope reforms
-Spindle fibres disappear
-De-condenses chromosomes back to chromatid form
-Cell membrane pinches in and SPLITS CYTOPLASM in two (Cytokinesis)

-Now there are in total 4 haploid cells (CoU1, CoU2, CdU1, CdU2) each with 23 chromosomes (not pairs)

92
Q

(Textbook) Meiosis I creates 8.4 million possibilities for 23 chromosome pairs, how?

A

Math: 2^23 ≈ 8.4 million
Explanation: oU can be in haploid A or B, and dU has to be in the other haploid (2 possibilities), that is one pair, then do 2^23
-Meiosis II does not contribute as the sister chromatids are IDENTICAL EVEN AFTER RECOMBINATION

93
Q

(Textbook)(2.6 + 3) Heritable trait

A

Trait that is inheritable by offspring
-At least one allele from each parent
-When gametes join together to form the zygote, homologous chromosomes form
-Two alleles within the same pair
-Each could be recessive or dominant, final combination shows trait, all traits combined = phenotype

94
Q

Allele

A

The expression of a gene (different forms; e.g. gene behind blue eyes (b) ≠ gene behind brown eyes (B) both are alleles)

95
Q

(In slides) Dominant Allele

A

(≠D.Trait, trait is expression or characteristic while allele is specific variation of type of gene)
-Always shows up in trait if existent
-Capital letter
-Not always most common (Polydactyly = six fingers)
-E.g. black hair, curly hair, etc.
-Dominant allele more affected by natural selection, needs to spread more than recessive or will be wiped out, recessive can stay in heterozygote carriers (lots of bad diseases appear out of “nowhere”, they are carried)

96
Q

(In slides) Recessive allele

A

-Usually carried (Aa)
-Undercase letter
-Only shows up if two copies
E.g. light hair, red hair, colored eyes, etc.
-

97
Q

(Explanation)Heterozygous vs Homozygous

A

Mix (Aa) vs Pure (AA or aa)

98
Q

(In slides)Co-Dominance

A

Both are present in the phenotype

99
Q

(In slides) Incomplete Dominance

A

Intermediate state between two alleles (e.g. third color in flowers)

100
Q

(Explanation) Mutations/Variations effects and description

A

-E.g. Down syndrome;
-Health problems in general
Description:
-Variations in sequence/structure of gene (e.g. A C A C to A A A C)

101
Q

(BD3.1)Species Abundance

A

of individuals in a particular area (same species)

102
Q

5 (6) Extinctions

A

Ordovician (439 mya), Devonian (367 mya), Permian (245 mya), Triassic (208 mya), Cretaceous (65 mya), Industrial Revolution (1800 CE)

Possible Reasons: Asteroid, Ice age, Volcanic activity, Oxygen levels decrease, sea level increase, etc.

103
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Inserting a set of genes from one organism to another

104
Q

Biodiversity Hotspot

A

Lots of diversity

105
Q

Seed banks

A

Places that store plant seeds to preserve species’ genetic diversity (prevent from extinction)

106
Q

Biotechnology

A

Using cellular processes to create products that benefit us or changing the genetics of animals (Altering genes, becomes a GMO)
(using living things to make products)
(e.g. making a better banana)

107
Q

Transgenic animals

A

Genetically engineered animals (able to pass engineered genetics onto offspring)

108
Q

Domestic animals

A

Animals that have been raised and artificially selected to meet human needs

109
Q

Artificial selection/Selective breeding

A

Breeding organisms in a way so that the traits beneficial to humans are passed on

110
Q

What areas of the world more likely support biodiversity?

A

Warm, humid climates

111
Q

Bioindicator species

A

Species that can indicate quality of ecosystem

112
Q

Why is habitat loss bad

A

-Destroys homes for species
-Global warming
-

113
Q

Examples of extinctions caused by humans

A

Dodos, passenger pigeons

114
Q

Global Treaties Purpose

A

Prohibits hunting of certain species

115
Q

Base pairs of human

A

Roughly 3 billion

116
Q

Zoos

A

a place that preserves endangered/threatened/specially concerned species
-type of in situ conservation

117
Q

Chromosome vs Chromatid vs Chromatin

A

Chromatin: Unraveled chromosome
Chromosome: Can be I or X shape (piece of genetic info that includes many DNA wrapped together), during reproduction it is 2 chromatids

118
Q

Homozygous vs Heterozygous

A

Homozygous: 2 of the same allele (e.g. bb two recessive alleles or BB two dominant alleles)
Heterozygous: 2 different alleles (Bb one dominant one recessive)

119
Q

Endangered

A

When a species is at risk of becoming extinct

120
Q

Extinct

A

This species is no longer found anywhere on earth

121
Q

Extirpated

A

No longer found in Canada/No longer in the original habitat

122
Q

Clone

A

Genetically identical copy of an organism (asexual reproduction)

123
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

Fertilization outside the body, e.g. Petri dish or test tube or 3rd parent

124
Q

Overspecialization

A

When an organism’s niche becomes too narrow and dependent on one type of habitat or food, it is very vulnerable to extinction when that one aspect is changed

125
Q

Overexploitation

A

Too much human exploit (fishing, mining, hunting, etc.)

126
Q

Artificial selection

A

Breeding by HUMANS over MANY GENERATIONS to spread the more “useful traits”

127
Q

In-situ conservation

A

Conserving the organism (maintenance) within their habitat/functioning ecosystem

128
Q

Ex-situ conservation

A

Conserving the organism (maintenance) outside their habitat/functioning ecosystem

129
Q

Biodiversity Hotspot

A

Geographical region where it is a significant place for biodiversity but is also threatened (e.g. Amazon rainforest)

130
Q

Genetical Engineering

A

When humans directly alter the DNA of (ONE) organism, not over many generations, just INSERT THE GENE YOU WANT USING BIOTECH

Type of genetic engineering: gene therapy

Type of genetic engineering: crop modifications

131
Q

Strategies to minimize losses

A

CITES - Conservation conventions
National parks (federal and provincial )
Zoos
Seed banks

132
Q

Cells in human body

A

60 to 100 trillion

133
Q

numbers for meiosis process

A

n: 2n, n, n

Science 9 (1 decks)

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