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Environmental Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Variability of organisms from all sources including terrestrial marine and other aquatic ecosystems and their ecological interactions with the environment

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2
Q

3 types of biodiversity?

A
  • genetic diversity
  • species diversity
  • ecosystem diversity
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3
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

the basic component of biological diversity which exists both within and among species

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4
Q

what diversity is the basis for evolution

A

genetic evolution

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5
Q

what is species diversity?

A

the variably that can be recognized among different species (includes the no. of species and their abundance)

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6
Q

what is ecosystem diversity?

A

the variety of habitats, living communities and ecological processes in the living world

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7
Q

what is the largest scale of biodiversity?

A

ecosystem diversity

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8
Q

define biological resources

A

genes, species and ecosystems of direct indirect, or potential to be used by humanity

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9
Q

what are non-commercial goods?

A

the biodiversity products can be harvested and consumed directly without passing through a formal market

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10
Q

give examples for non-commercial goods

A

fruits, fish, edible roots, leaves, nuts, flowers, meat, animal products like milk and honey, timber, firewood, fiber, woo; wax, timber, firewood, fibers, wood, wax, resin, rubber silk, decorative items, and traditional medicines

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11
Q

what are commercial goods?

A

products that are harvested and available through a formal market

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12
Q

give examples for commercial goods

A

food, textile, leather, silk, paper and pulp

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13
Q

what are the services provided by the environment?

A

air and water purification

erosion prevention

flood control

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14
Q

what are the values of biodiversity?

A
  1. environmental service value
  2. recreational value
  3. ethical value
  4. educational/scientific value
  5. social/cultural/religious values
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15
Q

explain environmental service value

A
  • CO2 fixation through photosynthesis
  • maintaining essential nutrition cycles
  • maintaining water cycle and recharging ground water
  • soil formation and protection from erosion
  • regulating climate by recycling moisture into atmosphere
  • water purification
  • pollination
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16
Q

explain recreational value of environment

A
  1. due to aesthetic value of biodiversity, natural landscapes at undisturbed places are a delight to watch
  2. provide opportunities for recreational activities and hobbies such as bird watching and photography

3.Provides inspiration in artistic activities like poetry, painting and dance

  1. promotes eco-tourism
  2. helps generate revenue by designing zoological and botanical gardens and national parks
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17
Q

explain ethical values of environment

A

this is the right of all living being to live on this planet, humans have no right to decide which species should exist

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18
Q

explain educational/scientific value of environment

A

helps in new scientific discoveries and technological innovations to find solutions to problems we face today

ex:
- learning about other animals like nematodes, rats and primates has helped in understanding human body and medicine development

  • knowledge about how animals react before a natural disaster is helpful in disaster management
  • interacting w biodiversity helps develop creativity, relieving stress and developing personality
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19
Q

explain social/cultural/religious values of environment

A
  • some wetland sites are sacred to aborigines of Australia
  • 28 tree species are sacred to Buddhists
  • Bulls are important to Hindu culture
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20
Q

what are the threats to biodiversity

A
  1. Habitat loss/ fragmentation
  2. Overexploitation
  3. Pollution
  4. Introduction of invasive alien species
  5. Climate change
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21
Q

Define biodiversity hot spots

A

areas with high concentrations of endemic species facing exceptional levels of threat

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22
Q

what places in south asia are considered biodiversity hot spots?

A
  • Western Ghats of India
  • Sri Lanka (wet zone)
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23
Q

what is extinction?

A

elimination of the last member of a species from earth

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24
Q

how many species will face extinction in the next 30 years?

A

5-10% of species

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25
Q

What’s the Red Data Book?

A

It’s published by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) to provide a list of threated species.

26
Q

Give examples for extinct species

A

Dodo
Wooly Mammoth
Legume (Crudia zeylanica)

27
Q

Define extinct in the wild?

A

A taxon is extinct in the wild when its known only to survive in cultivation, captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its natural habitat

28
Q

What are the levels of threat?

A
  • Critically endangered
  • Endangered
  • Vulnerable
29
Q

What is critically endangered (CR)?

A

A taxon is critically endangered when the best available evidence indicates an extremely high risk of extinction

30
Q

Give ex. to animals which are CR

A
  • Marbled tree frog
  • Maha Madu
31
Q

What is endangered (EN)?

A

A taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it is facing a very high risk of extinction

32
Q

Give examples for animals which are EN

A
  • Etha/Aliya/ Elephant
  • Wesak Orchid
33
Q

What is vulnerable (VU)?

A

A taxon is vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild

34
Q

Give examples for animals which are VU

A
  • Punchi lena/ dusky-striped jungle squirrel
  • Buttercup
35
Q

What are endemic species?

A

A species that is confined to a particular area of country, and not found naturally anywhere else in the world

36
Q

Give examples for endemic plant species in SL

A

Dipterocarpus zeylanicus (Hora)

Garcinia quaesita (Goraka)

37
Q

Give examples for endemic animal species in SL

A

Puntius nigrofasciatus (Black ruby barb)

Loris tardigradus (Slender loris)

38
Q

Define indigenous species

A

A plant/animal species that occurs in its historically known natural range and that forms a part of the natural biological diversity of a particular geographical area

39
Q

Give ex. of indigenous species in SL

A
  • Lula/snake head
  • Kithul
40
Q

Define exotic(alien) species

A

A species that has been introduced from another geographic region to an area outside its natural range due to human activities

41
Q

Give examples to alien species

A

Tilapia for inland fishery industry
Rubber for plantation industry

42
Q

Define migratory species

A

Migration is the act of moving from one place to another in a manner that is seasonally determined and predictable

43
Q

Why do animals migrate?

A

To avoid unfavorable environmental conditions that limit breeding

44
Q

What are some migratory species in SL?

A
  • Indian fly catcher
  • Indian pitta
45
Q

Define relict species

A

The remnants of a once widespread species, which are now found in a very restricted or isolated area because these species are lost in many parts of the world

46
Q

give ex. for relict species

A
  • tuatara in New Zealand
  • Ichthyophis
  • Lingula in Trincomalee
47
Q

define flagship species

A

is a species chosen as a symbol/icon to represent an ecosystem in need for conservation

48
Q

how are flagship species selected?

A
  • vulnerability
  • attractiveness
  • distinctiveness
49
Q

Give examples for flagship species

A

bengal tiger of india
giant panda of china
blue magpie of sri lanka

50
Q

define keystone species

A

species that play an important role in the stability and functioning of a system

51
Q

give examples for keystone species

A

planktons of a pond

52
Q

define invasive species

A

invasive alien species are alien/exotic organisms whose introduction and spread outside their natural geographic range and threaten native biodiversity

53
Q

give ex. for invasive species

A

Lantana / Lantana camara

Guinea grass / Panicum maximum

Giant African Land snail in sri lanka

Water Hyacinth

54
Q

What’s the principal goal of conservation

A

To ensure the long term survival of as many species as possible

55
Q

What are the 2 types of conservation?

A

In-situ

Ex-situ

56
Q

What’s in-situ conservation

A

The species is protected and its reproduction is facilitated in its natural habitat

57
Q

What are the principals used in in-situ conservation?

A
  • a large enough population
  • adequate, appropriate habitat space
58
Q

Give ex. for in-situ conservation

A

National parks like Yala and Minneriya

Forest reserves like Kanneliya and Piduruthalagala

59
Q

What’s ex-situ conservation?

A

The species is taken out its natural habitats and looked after in places where its survival and reproduction is ensured

60
Q

What places play a key role in ex-situ conservation?

A

Zoological and botanical gardens

Environmental Biology (3 decks)

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