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biology unit 2 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are all living organisms composed of?

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are the two types of genetic material all organisms have?

A

-DNA or RNA

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3
Q

what is sampling used for?

A

-used to provide information concerning biodiversity in a habitat

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4
Q

what does the term biodiversity describe?

A

-biodiversity gives an indication of both the range of different species and the numbers of individuals of each species within any one community

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5
Q

what are the two main factors that effect diversity?

A

-species richness and eveness

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6
Q

what does species richness mean?

A

-the number of different species present in an area

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7
Q

what does species evenness mean?

A

-the measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area

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8
Q

what is Simpson’s index and what does it measure? what number does the answer always fall between?

A

-measure of diversity and takes both the number of species and the number of individuals of each species
-the value ranges between 0 and 1

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9
Q

look at the equation in book and memories it

A

hjsfr,vh

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10
Q

in relation to Simpson’s index (D) what does the value 0 represent, what does 1 represent?

A

-values of 0 represent infinite diversity whilst values of 1 represent no diversity
-the bigger the value D the less diversity
-the lower the value D the more diversity

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11
Q

why does both species richness and evenness effect diversity?

A

-an increase in either species richness or evenness leads to an increase in diversity
-the more species the higher the diversity but if they are not evenly distributed for example if one species is much more abundant, diversity falls

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12
Q

what are the 4 things that low species diversity suggest?

A

-relatively few successful species in the habitat
-the environment is quite stressful with relatively few ecological niches and only a few organisms are really well adapted to that environment
-food webs are relatively simple
-change in environment would probably have quite serious effects

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13
Q

what are the 4 things that a high species diversity (low Simpsons index) suggest?

A

-a greater number of successful species and a more stable ecosystem
-more ecological niches are available and the environment is less likely to be hostile
-complex food webs
-environmental changes is less likely to be damaging to the ecosystem as a whole

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14
Q

what does the term biological diversity mean?

A

-it refers to the number and variety of organisms within a particular area

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of diversity, which of the three is measured using Simpsons index?

A

-Simpsons index calculates species diversity
-the other two types of diversity are ecosystem diversity and genetic diversity

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16
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

-this is the variety of genes within organisms of a species
-there is as many as 400,000 genes in most plants and animals which allows for enormous possibilities for genetic diversity

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17
Q

what are the 2 factors that influence genetic variability?

A

-how long a particular species has existed since it evolved
-the degree of directional selection that has taken place in different populations

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18
Q

when is genetic variation greater and why is this good?

A

-it is greater in species adapted to a wide range of environments and those that are subject to higher rates of mutation in their DNA
-it is good for species to be genetically diverse as they are more subject to directional selection and are more likely to remain adapted if the environment changes

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19
Q

why are some ecosystems like the north and south poles at risk?

A

-due to the actions of man
-the ice is melting in the north and south pole due to global warming

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20
Q

what is classification and what does it involve? what is the unit of classification?

A

-classification involves placing organisms into groups
-it is not a random process and considers ancestral relationship
-the basic unit of biological classification is the species

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21
Q

what is the definition of a species?

A

-a species is a group of individuals of common ancestry that closely resemble each other, and are normally capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

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22
Q

how did classification come about?

A

-biological nomenclature is based on the binomial system based on the work by Carl Linnaeus

23
Q

how is the binomial system used to name organisms?

A

-in this system each organism has two latin or greek names
-a generic name which indicated to genus to which the species belongs and this beings with a capital letter
-a specific name which identifies the species to which the organism belongs and it begins with a lower case letter

24
Q

can organisms have the same genus?

A

-there can be a number of different organisms with the same genus name but only one species has the specific name

25
Q

what is the study of taxonomy?

A

-the science or study of classification is called taxonomy and it involves the naming of organisms and the systematic placing of organisms into groups on the basis of certain relationships between organisms

26
Q

what does nomenclature mean ?

A

-the naming of certain organisms using the binomial system

27
Q

what does systematics mean?

A

-placing organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

28
Q

what way are species grouped together? what is each group called collectively, and what are each of the groups called?

A

-they are grouped into hierarchical groups of increasing size
-each group is called a taxon
-the groups in increasing size are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom

29
Q

what is the mnemonic to help remember each classification group?

A

-king kingdom
-penguins phylum
-call class
-out order
-for family
-good genus
-summers species

30
Q

which is the largest and most inclusive classification group?

A

-kingdom is the largest grouping, with the animal kingdom containing all ‘animal’ species

31
Q

what is phylogenetic taxonomy (phylogeny)?

A

-it is a means of classifying sets of species according to ancestral relationships and how closely different species are related

32
Q

what are the 3 different ways that species can be classified according to ancestral relationships?

A

-morphology and anatomy
-cell structure
-biochemistry

33
Q

what is morphology and anatomy? what is example of each?

A

-morphology are external features and anatomy are internal features
-an example of an external feature could be the presence of 4 limbs, an example of internal feature could be the presence of a backbone

34
Q

how can cell structure help identify ancestral relationships?

A

-the first cells on earth were prokaryotic and then eventually eukaryotic cells evolved
-cell structure is also very important in classifying other groups. Differences are important in classifying organisms as plants, animals or fungi

35
Q

why is biochemistry important in classification and identifying ancestral relationships?

A

-it is now possible to analyze all genomes
-closely related organisms have a high degree of agreement in their molecular structure of DNA (base sequence), RNA (base sequence) or protein (amino acid sequence)
-molecules of organisms distantly related usually show a pattern of dissimilarity

36
Q

what is biochemistry?

A

-comparisons of DNA, RNA and the amino acid sequences in proteins

37
Q

how is biochemistry used to show the ancestral relationships?

A

-closely related organisms have a high degree of agreement in their molecular structure of DNA (base sequence), RNA (base sequence) or protein (amino acid sequence)
-molecules of organisms distantly related usually show a pattern of dissimilarity

38
Q

how can mutations occur ?

A

-one or two species evolve from an ancestral species, mutations will spontaneously take place in the DNA of one of the species but not necessarily in the others
-over time the species will be increasingly different at the DNA level

39
Q

how can a common ancestor be identified using biochemistry?

A

-the relationship and length of time since they shared a common ancestor can be evaluated through analyzing similarities in DNA, RNA or proteins, using this degree of change as a type of molecular clock

40
Q

what kind of graph can be used to represent the relationship between organisms?

A

-evolutionary tree

41
Q

what is the 5 kingdom system?

A

-prokaryotae
-protista
-plantae
-fungi
-animalia

42
Q

what are the characteristic of kingdom prokaryotae?

A

-single cells or a small cluster of cells that are microscopic
-have prokaryotic cells that have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
-DNA free and circular in the cytoplasm
-small ribosomes
-peptidoglycan cell wall
-divides by binary fission and not with mitosis
-examples are bacteria and green algae

43
Q

what are the characteristics of kingdom Protoctista?

A

-eukaryotes
-mostly unicellular
-some are organized into filaments with cells joined end to end (brown seaweed
-some are multicellular but have limited differentiation (green seaweed)
-diverse group as it acts as a bin for those organisms that don’t fit elsewhere
-some are autotrophic (photosynthesis) and some are heterotrophic (has to get food)

44
Q

what are heterotroph Protoctista?

A

-unicellular which is why they are not classed as animals
-they ingest and digest their food
they actively seek and consume bacteria

45
Q

what are autotroph Protoctista?

A

-eukaryotic and photosynthesize
-have a cellulose cell wall and chlorophyll
-they are not classed as plants as Protoctista are unicellular

46
Q

what are some of the characteristics of kingdom fungi?

A

-they are eukaryotic cells
-most are multicellular however yeast is unicellular
-organized as hypae which form the mycelium
-cell wall is made of chitin
-the elongated hyphal strands are frequently multinucleate ( multi nucleus) and are not clearly divided into separate cells

47
Q

why are fungi important decomposers?

A

-they are crucial in the breakdown and recycling of organic matter
-they have lysotrophic mode of nutrition, they feed by decomposing organic matter

48
Q

how do fungi feed off organic matter?

A

-secrete hydrolytic enzymes into the soil by exocytosis to digest the organic material in the soil. Then they absorb the products of digestion
-enzymes work outside the cells so this is called extracellular digestion
-store carbohydrates as glycogen

49
Q

what are the characteristics of kingdom plantae?

A

-eukaryotic cells
-multicellular with differentiation
-autotrophic nutrition
-chlorophyll in chloroplasts
-cellulose cell wall
-stores carbohydrates as starch and lipids as oils

50
Q

what are the characteristics of kingdom animalia?

A

-eukaryotic cells
-multicellular with differentiation
-heterotrophic nutrition and digests it in a digestive system
-no cell wall
-stores carbs as glycogen and lipids as fats
-it is motile and so capable of motion

51
Q

what is the key difference of digestion in animals and fungi

A

-animals take in food and digest it in a digestive system whereas fungi digests it outside then take it in

52
Q

what are the three super kingdoms?

A

-archaea
-bacteria
-eukaryotes

53
Q

what are the differences between the three super kingdoms?

A

-archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes
-they are similar in appearance but very different biochemically, DNA, genetics and metabolic pathways are all different
-some archaea are adapted to live in extreme environments such as has very salty water

biology unit 2 (16 decks)

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