biodiversity Flashcards
outline parazoa
assymeitrcal
no gastrulation
water taken in through porocytes
and expelled out the osculum
outline cnidaria
jellyfish, hydras and coral
mouth is also an anus
some nerve network
cnidocytes on tentacles
animals in lophotrochozoan
flatworms, segmented worms and mollocus
ring of cilia on there larvae
outline protostomes
spiral cell division
early cell determination
body cavity forms from mesoderm
mouth forms first before anus
outline flatworms
phylum Platyhelminthes
digestive and reproductive organs
no circulatory organs
reproduce as hermaphrodites
contains parasitic flukes and tapeworms
Outline segmented worms
Phylum Annelida
through gut from mouth to anus
circular and longitudinal muscles
digestive tract has specialized reasons
contains earthworms polychaetes and leeches
has segmentation
outline molluscs
phylum mollusca
snails, slugs octopus and clams
same body plan: foot, visceral mass mantle and radula
contains: gastropods bivalves and cephalopods
outline ecdysozoans
undergo ecdysis (shedding of exoskeleton)
contains Nematoda (roundworms)
and arthropds
outline chelicerates
spiders, horseshoe crabs and ticks
combined head and thorax
no antenna no legs on abdomen
typeof arthropod
outline crustaceans
lobsters and crabs
two pairs of antenna
large pincers
thorax has legs for walking
segmented abdomen to help with swimming
outline deuterostomes
radial cleavage
cell fate determined early
body cavity forms from endoderm
blastopore becomes anus
contains echinoderms (star fish)
and chordates
outline ostracoderms
ancient jawless fish
heavily armourder
covered with bony plates and scales
no pectoral fins
outline modern jawless fish
eel like
lack paired fins and jaws
no armour
Hag fish and lampreys
outline cartilaginous fish
sharks, rays, rat-fish
acute senses for predatory lifestyle
lateral line system for detecting pressure
electroreceptive organs
many covered in placoid scales
outline bony fish
endoskeleton of calcium phosphate
lateral line system
hydrostatic organ for boyunacy
most use external fertilisation and are oviparous
outline echinoderms
Starfish and sea urchins
adults radial symmetry
larvae bilateral
symmetry
endoskeleton made from calcareous plates
water vascular system for locomotion/gas exchange
separated from chordates 500MYA
outline characteristics of the phylum Chordata
notochord - long flexible rod between digestive and nerve (skeletal support)
dorsal hollow nerve chord - forms brain
pharyngeal slits - slits in the throat for water to pass through
muscular post-anal tail -
outline urochordates
sea squirts
U shaped filter feeder
adults dont have all chordate characteristics but larvae does
outline tetrapods
first fish with legs
strong skeletal structured fins
lungs and internal nostrils
includes tiktaalick
outline evolution and closest relatives of tetrapod
acanthostega - 8 fingers
ichthyostega 6.5 fingers
erypos 5 fingers
lobed-fin fish and lung fish
outline amphibians
4,800 species
dominated the carboniferous era
due to no competition
outline amphibians adaptations
lungs in adults
chromatophores to absorb Uv
keratin and mucous to prevent water loss
solid pelvic girdle but flexible pectoral girdle
lateral line lost in adults
evolution of ear
3 chambered heart
outline order urodela
tailed ones
newts and salamanders
lung trunk, tail
some salamanders are paedomorphic - sexual maturity is reached at larval stage
outline order anura
tail-less ones
frogs and toads
strong hind legs for jumping
ribs fused to vertebrae
outline order apoda
legless ones
caecilians
sub terranean
most are blind
tentacles with olfactory sense worm like through convergent evolution
outline amniote egg structure from out to in
shell
albumin
Chlorion
yolk sac
allantois
amnion
three amniote linages
fenestra - opening in skull where muscles attach
anapsids -no fenestra and are extinct
synapsid - one fenestra and mammals
diapsid - two fenestra birds and reptiles
outline reptiles
7,000 species
heavy ossified skeleton
skin is keratinized with scales
ectotherms
internal fertilization
outline order chelonia
turtles terrapins and tortoises
teeth replaced by sharp horny plates
body dermal plates fuse to form carapace and plastron
typeof reptile
outline order squamata
lizards and snakes
some have chromatphores
outline order crocodilia
crocodiles and alligators
alligators have non visible lower teeth when mouth closed
outline order sphenodontia
tuatara
two species in NZ
adaptations for flight
hollow bones
reduced organs
no teeth
large pectoral muscles
aerofoil wing shape
outline order Carinates
flying birds
large variety of forms
outline order ratites
raft shaped birds
flightless
anatomical features of mammals
mammalian jaw is single bone
ear bones devloped from reptilian jaw bones
heterodont teeth (specialized)
evolutionary history of mammals
220 mya fossils found
Mesozoic mammals where nocturnal insectivores
outline order Metatheria
marsupials (pouched mammals)
outline order eutheria
placental mammals
devlopment in uterus
originated 50-70 MYA
4 groups
-afrotheria
-xenarthra
-laurasiantheria
-eucrchontoglires
outline afrotheria
elephants and manatees
outline Xenarthra
sloths, anteaters and armadillos
reduced or no teeth
outline laurasiantheria
insectivores - moles, shrews and hedgehogs and bats
carnivores - cats, dogs seals and cetaceans, artiodactyls, perissodactyls
