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Biology yr 12 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Biodiversity?

A

 variety in an ecosystem
 variety of habitats and variety of species

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2
Q

What is Species Diversity?

A

 number of different species
 number of individuals for each species

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3
Q

What is Genetic Diversity?

A

 variety of alleles in a species population
 the larger number of individuals in a species, the larger the genetic diversity

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4
Q

Benefit of high species diversity?

A

 Stable ecosystem
 each species is less likely to become extinct (due to high genetic diversity)
 & if a species does become extinct it will not affect the food chain as there are other species available

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5
Q

How to measure Species Diversity for an area?

A

 Species Diversity Index
 takes into account the number of different species and how many individuals there are for each species
 the larger the species diversity index, the larger the species diversity

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6
Q

How does deforestation lower species diversity?

A

 (deforestation is the removal of trees for wood & space)
 decreases plant species diversity
 less variety of habitats
 less variety of food sources
 decreases animal species diversity

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7
Q

How does agriculture/farming lower species diversity?

A

 deforestation to make space for farm
 only grow a few plants & keep a few animal species
 selectively breed plants & animals
 use pesticides to kill other species

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8
Q

What is Classification?

A

placing organisms into groups

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9
Q

What is Hierarchical Classification?

A

 large groups divided into smaller groups with no overlap
 domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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10
Q

What is Binomial Naming System?

A

 using Genus name and Species name to name organism
 Genus name first in capital, Species name second in lower case
 e.g. tiger = Felix tigris

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11
Q

What is a Species?

A

a group of individuals with similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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12
Q

Why are the offspring from 2 different species mating infertile?

A

 offspring will have a odd number of chromosomes
 therefore, cannot perform meiosis, cannot produce gametes
 example: horse + donkey = mule,
mule is infertile,
horse has 64 chromosomes/donkey has 62 chromosomes,
horse gamete has 32 chromosomes/donkey gamete has 31 chromosomes,
therefore, mule has 63 chromosomes

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13
Q

What is Phylogenetic Classification?

A

based on evolutionary relationships – how closely related different species are and how recent a common ancestor they have

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14
Q

3 ways of comparing relationship between different species?

A
  • DNA Hybridisation
  • Amino Acid sequence
  • Protein Shape
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15
Q

what is DNA Hybridisation?

A

comparing DNA base sequence

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16
Q

AA Sequence?

A

comparing AA sequence for the same protein (e.g. haemoglobin in mammals)

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17
Q

protein shape?

A

comparing shape of the same protein (e.g. albumin) using immunological technique

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18
Q

What is Variation?

A

difference in characteristics between organisms

18
Q

What is Variation?

A

difference in characteristics between organisms

19
Q

Types of Variation?

A

intraspecific = differences between organisms of the same species
interspecific = differences between organisms of different species

20
Q

Causes of Intraspecific Variation?

A

Genetic Factors = same genes but different alleles (allele are different type/forms of genes)
Environmental Factors

21
Q

Causes of Interspecific Variation?

A

Genetic Factors = different genes and different alleles

Environmental Factors

22
Q

Types of Characteristics?

A

Discontinuous and Continuous

23
Q

Properties of Discontinuous Characteristics?

A

characteristics fall into certain groups with no overlap (e.g. blood group) – determined by genetics only (a single gene)

24
Q

Properties of Continuous Characteristics?

A

characteristics show a range (e.g. height) – determined by genetics (a few genes, polygenes) and environment

25
Q

What is Genetic Diversity?

A

genetic variation, the variety of alleles within a population of a species

26
Q

Benefit of high genetic diversity?

A

species able to adapt with changes in the environment e.g. if a new disease arises, some individuals will have characteristics to survive, and will reproduce passing on their alleles, so the species does not become extinct

27
Q

What can lower genetic diversity?

A

small population size (e.g. founder effect – where the numbers start low, or genetic bottleneck – where the numbers decrease)

28
Q

What is natural selection and adaptation?

A

 variation in population of species
(genetic diversity/genetic variation/variety in gene pool)
 new alleles arise by random mutation
 environment applies a selection pressure on the population
 those with favourable characteristics/favourable alleles/selection advantage/better adapted survive, the others die [natural selection]
 the ones that survive will reproduce, passing on their favourable alleles
 if this happens for many generations, then that characteristic will become most common – the allele will become more frequent [adaptation]

29
Q

What are the 2 types of selection?

A

stabilising and directional

30
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

 when the environment favours those with the most common characteristic – those on the extreme dies out
 the common characteristic increases in proportion
 the range (standard deviation) will reduce

31
Q

What is directional selection?

A

 when the environment favours those individuals with characteristics on one of the extremes
 over time this will become the most common characteristic
 normal distribution will shift to that extreme

32
Q

What is directional selection?

A

 when the environment favours those individuals with characteristics on one of the extremes
 over time this will become the most common characteristic
 normal distribution will shift to that extreme

33
Q

How to carry out DNA Hybridisation?

A
  • take DNA from 2 species to be compared
  • radioactively label one of the DNA
  • heat both sets so double strand separates
  • cool so single strands join together
  • look for Hybrid DNA (one strand from species A, one strand from species B)
  • identify Hybrid DNA by 50% radioactivity
  • heat Hybrid DNA to measure similarity
34
Q

results of DNA hybridisation?

A

-higher temperature required
-more hydrogen bonds present
-more complementary base pairing
-more similar the base sequence
-more similar the species
-more closely related
-more recent a common ancestor

35
Q

results of AA sequencing?

A

-more similar the AA sequence
-more similar the DNA base sequence
-more similar the species
-more closely related
-more recent a common ancestor

36
Q

How to carry out protein shape?

A
  • comparing species A and species B
  • take albumin from species A
  • place in a blood of rabbit
  • rabbit will make antibodies against albumin of species A
  • takes these antibodies and place in blood from species B
  • if the albumin in species B has a similar shape to species A, the antibodies will bind to form antigen-antibody complexes, this will then form a
    precipitate
37
Q

results of protein shape?

A

-more precipitate
-more complexes
-more similar shape
-more similar the species
-more closely related
-more recent common ancestor

38
Q

why is comparing base sequence better than comparing amino acid sequence?

A
  • DNA sequence provides information on INTRONS
  • triplet code is DEGENERATE
39
Q

how do courtship behaviours help an organism reproduce?

A
  • enable members to identify their own species
    - use similarities in physical
    characteristics and behaviours
    - prevents cross breeding and infertile
    offspring being produced
  • identifying a mate that is capable of breeding
    - both partners need to be sexually
    mature, fertile and receptive to mating
  • forming pair bonds
    - lead to successful breeding
    - successful raising of the offspring
  • synchronising mating seasons
    - ensure maximum chance of
    fertilisation
    - males show courtship behaviour to
    determine whether the female is
    receptive (fertile state)
    - if female responds with correct
    courtship behaviour then mating will
    take place
40
Q

equation for species diversity index?

A

d= N(N-1)/ Σn(n-1)
N= total number of organisms of all species
n= total number of organisms of each species

41
Q

what is the difference between index of diversity and species richness?

A
  • species richness only takes into account the number of different species in a particular area
  • index of diversity takes into account the number of species in a community and the number of individuals in each species
42
Q

How to calculate possible number of different combination of chromosomes following meiosis, without crossing over?

A

2^n
N= number of homologous pairs

Biology yr 12 (8 decks)

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