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genetic info, variation and relationships between organisms > biodiversity > Flashcards

biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 things courtship behaviours allows individuals to do?

A
  • Recognise members of the same species
  • Identify a sexually mature mate
  • Form a pair bond that will lead to successful mating and raising of offspring
  • Synchronise mating so that it takes place at a time where the egg and sperm are most likely to meet
  • Become able to breed by bringing a member of the opposite sex into a state that allows breeding to occur
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2
Q

What does classifying animals allow us to do?

A

Classifying animals allows for:
Better communication
And avoiding confusion

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of classification?

A
  • Artificial classification

* Phylogenetic classification

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4
Q

What is meant by a hierarchy

A

smaller groups within larger groups (groups within groups) which DO NOT overlap

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5
Q

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic relationship

A

Shows evolutionary relationship

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6
Q

Scientist can use protein structure to investigate the evolutionary relationships between different species. Explain why

A

The closer the amino acid sequences of 2 organisms the closer their relationship
The amino acid sequence is related to the DNA base triplet sequence

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7
Q

Explain what is meant when 2 species are described as being “closely related”.

A

They have DNA in common

And they have a recent common ancestor

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8
Q

Explain the principles which biologists use to classify organisms into groups

A

Large groups are divided into smaller groups
Members of a group have features in common.
Also member of the same group have a similar evolutionary history which is based on fossils

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9
Q

Describe how comparisons of biological molecules in 2 species of sea horses could be used to find out if they are closely related

A

Compare their DNA by comparing their base sequence
To do this do DNA hybridisation by separating dna strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds
The temperature required to separate the strands indicates how close the 2 species are.

Could also compare the amino acid sequence of the proteins in the 2 species
This is called immunological evidence.
So inject seahorse protein into a rabbit and collect the antibodies the rabbit makes.
Then add the antibody mixture into the other seahorse species blood sample
The amount of precipitate indicates how close the relationship of the 2 sea horses

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10
Q

What 2 measurements would ecologists need to obtain to calculate an index of diversity of a community

A

1) the number of individuals of EACH species

2) the totals number of individuals of ALL species

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11
Q

A species is

A

a group of similar organisms capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring

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12
Q

The binomial system consists of..

A

generic and species name

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13
Q

grouping organisms together is called

A

classification

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14
Q

The science of classification is called…

A

taxonomy

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15
Q

How many levels of groups are there in classification?

A

8

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16
Q

Each group in classification is called a .

A

taxon

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17
Q

In classification is the largest or smallest group at the top of the hierarchy?

A
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18
Q

The first tax is called

A
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19
Q

Name the 3 domain groups

A
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20
Q

The next group below the domain group is the

A
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21
Q

Animals are placed in the animal kingdom - these are further grouped into smaller groups called…

A
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22
Q

How many parts does the internationally accepted scientific name have?

A
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23
Q

The scientific name for organisms has 2 parts - they are…

A
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24
Q

What does the binomial system help to overcome

A
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25
Q

What is the purpose of courtship behaviour?

A
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26
Q

What can be said about the courtship behaviours of organisms that are more closely related?

A
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27
Q

courtship behaviours prevents..

A
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28
Q

How are bacteria different to eukarya?

A
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29
Q

How are archaea different to bacteria?

A
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30
Q

If there are 3 species of bees called
Peponapis pruinosa, Andrena chlorogaster and Andrena piperi - what do their names suggest about their evolutionary relationships?

A
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31
Q

The demand for increased food production has led to areas of Heath being used to grow wheat. Explain the effect of this on the species diversity of plants

A

Reduces the species diversity as there is only one species of crop being grown.
The wheat is a better competitor for light and nutrients

32
Q

Why might animal species diversity fall in a given area?

A
  1. Reduction in the number of plant species
  2. so less VARIETY of food sources
  3. also fewer habitats
33
Q

Explain why it may be more useful to calculate the index of diversity than to record only the number of species present

A

The index of diversity measures the number of individuals of each species and the number of species

34
Q

What information is required to calculate an index of diversity for a particular community

A

Number of a species

35
Q

Farmers clear tropical forest and grow crops instead. Explain how this causes the diversity in the area to decrease

A

There is a lower diversity of plants and lower variety of plants
Fewer types of food
Fewer habitats

36
Q

What are the 3 components of biodiversity?

A

Species diversity
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity

37
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species in a particular area at a given time in a community

38
Q

What is a community?

A

All the populations of different species living in a particular place

39
Q

What is a population?

A

All the organisms of one particular species

40
Q

Biodiversity is…

A

the variety of living organisms in an area

41
Q

habitat is..

A

the place where an organism lives

42
Q

High biodiversity means…

A

lots of different species there

43
Q

What can you calculate as a measure of biodiversity?

A

index of diversity

44
Q

Species richness if a measure of….

A

diversity

45
Q

Which is a better indicator of biodiversity - index of diversity OR species richness?

A

index of diversity

46
Q

To calculate index of diversity what do you need to know?

A

total number of ALL species

total number of each species

47
Q

How can you reduce biodiversity?

A
48
Q

Why might animal diversity increase?

A
49
Q

A species is

A
50
Q

Comparing the base sequences of a gene provides more information than comparing the amino acid sequence for which the gene codes. Explain why

A

Different base triplets code for the same amino acids

51
Q

What does standard deviation show?

A

Shows the spread of data about the mean

52
Q

What can be said about the data collected if the standard deviation is large?

A

less reliable (data varies a lot)

53
Q

What can be said about the data collected if the standard deviation is small?

A

more reliable (data varies very little)

54
Q

If the standard deviations of the 2 sets of data collected overlaps what can be concluded?

A

no difference in the 2 sets of data, its not significant - due to chance

55
Q

Variation is….

A

the differences between individuals

56
Q

variation is caused by

A

genetics and the environment (or both)

57
Q

Variation between organisms of the same species is due to …

A

differences in their alleles (and the environment)

58
Q

variation between organisms of different species is due to…

A

different genes (and the environment)

59
Q

When studying variation - can you study the whole population?

A

no, take a sample

60
Q

When you sample to study variation, how should you go about collecting the sample?

A

randomly

61
Q

Taking samples at random ensures…

A

results are not biased

results are representative

62
Q

When studying variation between 2 populations, what would you calculate?

A

mean, standard deviation

63
Q

When plotting variation data, what type of graph do you get?

A

normal distribution curve

64
Q

The highest point on a normal distribution curve (that is symmetrical) is ..

A

the mean value

65
Q

If the standard deviation of the 2 sets of data DO NOT overlap what can you conclude from the data?

A

there is a difference between the data collected. It is likely significant and not due to chance?

66
Q

What could you do to data collected if you wanted to determine if data collected was significant or not?

A
67
Q

When carrying out a statistical test what do you have to formulate first?

A
68
Q

When comparing means of samples what statistical test would you do?

A
69
Q

When comparing observed and expected data what test would you perform?

A
70
Q

When looking for a correlation between two variables what test would you do?

A
71
Q

When drawing conclusions from statistical tests what words should you include in it?

A
72
Q

What level of probability to Biologists refer too?

A
73
Q

If your calculate value in your tests is GREATER than the critical value in the table (at the 5% level), what can you conclude?

A
74
Q

If your calculate value in your tests is LESS than the critical value in the table (at the 5% level), what can you conclude?

A
75
Q

if the P value is less than 0.02 what can you conclude

A
76
Q

removal of hedgerows reduced diversity of birds - why?

A

genetic info, variation and relationships between organisms (3 decks)

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