Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endangered species

A

Their numbers are so low they can not be maintained by normal rates of reproduction and they are at a danger of becoming extinct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Critically endangered

A

Their numbers fall below 10% of the original population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extinct Species

A

No organisms in the natural or artificial habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reasons for endangerment of species (7points)

A 
⚫️Habitat loss
⚫️Climatic changes
⚫️Pollution
⚫️Overexploitation and unsustainable use of resources 
⚫️Food Shortages
⚫️Disease 
⚫️Invasion by alien species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does HABITAT LOSS cause endangerment of species

A

✔️Deforestation

✔️Reclamation of land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do CLIMATIC CHANGES cause endangerment of species

A

✔️Global warming

✔️Natural disasters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does POLLUTION cause endangerment of species

A

1️⃣Air pollution:
✔️emission of oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, CO2 which contribute to Acid Rain and Global warming
2️⃣Industrial and Domestic pollution:
✔️release of harmful chemicals into the atmosphere
3️⃣Marine pollution
✔️disposal of non-biodegradable plastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does OVEREXPLOITATION AND USUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES cause endangerment of species

A

✔️Overfishing

✔️Cutting of valuable trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does FOOD SHORTAGES cause endangerment of species

A

✔️Disruption of food chain and food web

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does DISEASES cause endangerment of species

A

✔️Viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do INVASION OF ALIEN SPECIES cause endangerment of species

A

✔️Push the native organisms to endangerment or extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do we need to maintain biodiversity

A 
⚫️Ecological Reasons
⚫️Human Reasons
⚫️Ethical Reasons
⚫️Commercial Reasons
⚫️Aesthetic/Socioeconomic reasons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are ECOLOGICAL REASONS for maintaing biodiversity

A

✔️ensures stability of the ecosystem
✔️organisms interact with eachother so the disappearance of one affects the whole community
✔️gene pool of various species is conserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are HUMAN REASONS for maintaing biodiversity

A

✔️Medicine
✔️Agriculture
✔️Tourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are ETHICAL REASONS for maintaing biodiversity

A

✔️Humans are the reason for the decline of many species

✔️Maintain levels of biodiversity for future generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are COMMERCIAL REASONS for maintaining biodiversity

A

Hybrids:
Resistant to disease
Resistant to climatic changes
Better yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are AESTHETIC/SOCIOECONOMIC REASONS for maintaing biodiversity

A

Artists/ Photographers (Creative people)

Ecotourism is a source of income and employment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is captive breeding

A

Endangered species are captured and bred to increase their numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Advantages of captive breeding

A

✔️monitor the health of the mother and fetus during pregnancy
✔️sperm bank
✔️assisted reproduction techniques
✔️keeping of breeding records
✔️Animals can be transferred to other countries where environmental conditions are more conducive for breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Disadvantages/Challenges of captive breeding

A

✔️Animals are no longer in their natural habitats
✔️They may have STRESS or BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES due to the change in environment
✔️Female organisms may have a DISRUPTION in their MENSTRUAL CYCLE due to the stress in captivity
✔️Organisms may not prefer the chosen mate for breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Problems associated with releasing captive bred animals in the wild

A

✔️Less availability of food
✔️Increased susceptibility to diseases
✔️Risk of predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do national parks work

A

✔️Patroling of parks by rangers,wardens and voluteers
✔️Restricted human access
✔️Apart from the conventional farming agricultural activities are controlled
✔️Mining and industrial activities are limited and controlled
✔️Visitor centres can be established to educate the general public
✔️24 hour surveillance of nests and breeding sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are botanic gardens?

A

The conservation of plant species by growing them from seeds,cuttings, tissue cultures and cloning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the role of botanic gardens

A

✔️Protection of endangered plant species which are threatened by climatic changes and human activities
✔️Research methods of reproduction and growth
✔️Research conservation methods so plants can be introduced to new habitats if their original habitat has been destroyed
✔️Reintroducing plants to the environments where they have become extinct
✔️Educating the general public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a seed bank

A

A collection of seeds of plants that are endangered or extinct in conditions (i.e an atmosphere low in mosture ,oxygen and low on temperature) that are not suitable for germination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are orthodox seeds

A

They can be stored for a long time period following dehydration

27
Q

What are Recalcilrant seeds

A

They can not be stored for a long period due to the dehydration of the seed

28
Q

Habitat

A

The place where an organism lives

29
Q

Niche

A

The functional role of an organism in an ecosystem

30
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of the same species occupying a given area at a given time

31
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms having similar physiological and morphological features which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. All the organisms of the same species are reproductively isolated

32
Q

Community

A

All the organisms of different populations occupying a given area at a given time

33
Q

Ecosystem

A

A relatively self-contained, interacting community of living organisms and the environment in which they live and with which they interact

34
Q

What is

i. Biotic
ii. Abiotic

A

Biotic➡️Living

Abiotic➡️Non-Living

35
Q

Species diversity

A

The different types of species (richness) and the relative abundance (evenness) of each species within an ecosystem

36
Q

Species richness

A

The different types of species within an ecosystem

37
Q

Species evenness

A

The relative abundance of each species within an ecosystem

38
Q

Species distribution

A

The spread of an organism within an ecosystem

39
Q

Species abundance

A

The total number of organisms of a particular species in an ecosystem

40
Q

How can we measure species diversity

A

Using the Simpson’s index of diversity (D) and the expression:
D=1-(sum)(n/N)2
Where n= no. of organisms of a particular species
N=total no. of organisms of all the species

41
Q

What does the value of D show us

A

The value of D ranges from 0-1
The closer the value to 1 the greater is the species diversity of an ecosystem
The greater the diversity the more stable is the ecosystem

42
Q

Why does a low value of D result

A

Less no. of species within an ecosystem

Dominance by one or more species within an ecosystem

43
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

The diversity of alleles within the genes in the genome of a single species

44
Q

How can genetic diversity be assessed

A

By finding out what proportion of genes have different alleles and how many alleles there are per gene

45
Q

Why is genetic diversity important

A

It is important in providing populations with the ability to adapt to changes in biotic and abiotic factors

46
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number and range of different ecosystems and habitats
The number of different species and their relative abundance
The genetic variation within each species

47
Q

Sampling

A

The process of taking samples to determine species frequency, distribution, density, abundance and/or percentage cover within an ecosystem

48
Q

When is random sampling carried out?

A

If the physical conditions within an ecosystem are uniform and there is no clear pattern of distribution of organisms

49
Q

How do u carry out random sampling

A
  1. Mark off an area of the ecosystem using measuring tape
  2. Determine the size and the number of quadrants to be used
  3. Place the quadrants randomly at the coordinates generated by a mobile app or a random number generator
  4. Collect the organisms within each quadrant using nets/traps/pooter
  5. Identify the organisms using dichotomous keys (each question has two responses yes or no)
  6. Determine the species frequency, density, abundance, percentage cover (% cover is calculated using the Blann-Blanquet scale)
50
Q

What should we do to ensure reliability in random sampling

A

Mark off a seperate area within the same ecosystem and repeat sampling using the same number and size of the quadrants

51
Q

What are some safety precautions of random sampling

A
  1. Stay with the group to avoid getting lost
  2. Wear protective clothing and gloves to avoid allergies
  3. Wear a mask to avoid inhalation of pollen
52
Q

When is systematic sampling carried out?

A

If physical conditions within an ecosystem change

53
Q

How is systematic sampling carried out?

A
  1. Randomly select a starting point and lay down the measuring tape along the transect
  2. Organisms are collected via traps/ nets/pooter and identified using dichotomous keys
  3. Determine species frequency/ density/ distribution
  4. Repeat sampling at different times of the year
54
Q

What should we do to ensure reliability in systematic sampling

A

Select a different starting point and repeat transect

55
Q

What are some safety precautions of systematic sampling

A

Stay with a group to avoid getting lost
Wear protective clothing and gloves to avoid allergies
Wear a mask to avoid inhalation of pollen

56
Q

What is line transect

A

Sampling organisms along a line at regular intervals. The organisms sampled are represented qualitatively using diagrams

57
Q

What is belt transect

A

Sampling organisms along a line by placing quadrants at regular intervals. The results obtained are quantitative and represented using bar charts or kite diagrams

58
Q

What is artificial insemination

A

Transfer of sperms in the uterus of a female using the catheter

59
Q

What is the procedure for IVF

A
  1. Treat the female organism with hormones
  2. Extract the eggs and sperms
  3. Mix them in a glass tube to form a zygote and then transfer this to a nutrient mixture to form multiple embryos
  4. Transfer the embryos to the female reproductive tract through a thin plastic cathiter
  5. Administer the woman progesterone whivh helps the uterus lining thicken and become suitable for implantation
60
Q

What are some assumptions for the mark release and recapture method

A

Paint does not affect the mobility of organisms
Paint does not affect the survival of organisms
No migration of organisms

61
Q

What is a correlation coefficient

A

A quantitative perimeter which determines the strength of correlation between two variables

62
Q

When do we use pearson’s coefficient

A

The data is normally distributed
There are atleast 5 pairs of data sets
The scatter plot shows linear correlation
The data is continuous

63
Q

When do we use spearman’s rank correlation

A

The data is not normally distributed
The scatter plot shows an increasing or decreasing relationship
The data is ordinal

64
Q

What is the role of WWF

A
  1. Funding conservation projects
  2. Restoration of degraded habitats
  3. Publicising environmental issues by campaigns
  4. Saving species from extinction
  5. Promoting educational awareness regarding endangered species and conservation of the ecosystem

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions