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Biology > biodiveristy > Flashcards

biodiveristy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of each of the
species within any one community.

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2
Q

Species
Richness

A

The number of different species in community.

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3
Q

Community

A

All the individuals of all the species living together in the same
area at the same time.

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4
Q

Species

A
  1. Group of similar organisms / organisms with similar features /
    organisms with same genes;
  2. Reproduce to produce fertile offspring;
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5
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Difference in DNA / base sequence / alleles / genes;

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6
Q

Niche

A

An organism’s role / in the ecosystem / community;
It describes what the species is like, where it occurs, how it behaves,
how it interacts with other species and how it responds to the
environment.
No 2 species occupy the same niche due to interspecific competition.

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7
Q

Habitat

A

A place where an organism normally lives within an ecosystem (and
which is characterised by biotic and abiotic factors).

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8
Q

Diversity index?
Note: The higher the value of d the greater the species diversity

A

N(N-1)
d=————-
Σn(n-1)

d - species diversity index

N - total number of organisms of all species

n - total number of organisms of each species

Σ - the sum of

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9
Q

What information is required
to calculate an index of
diversity for a particular
community?

A

Number of species;
Number of individuals in each species;

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10
Q

The number of species
present is one way to
measure biodiversity.
Explain why an index of
diversity may be a more
useful measure of
biodiversity.

A

Also measures number of individuals in a
species / different proportions of species;
Some species may be present in low/high
numbers;

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11
Q

Give 2 advantages of using
an Index of biodiversity rather
than an indicator species

A

You do not need to identify each species;
Index considers the number of organisms
of each of the species.

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12
Q

Suggest one economic argument for
maintaining biodiversity.

A

A suitable example of how some species may
be important financially e.g.
1. medical / pharmaceutical uses;
2. commercial products / example given;
3. tourism;
4. agriculture;
5. saving local forest communities;

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13
Q

A forest was cleared to make more land
available for agriculture.
After the forest was cleared the species
diversity of insects in the area decreased.
Explain why. (4)

A
  1. Decrease in variety of plants / fewer plant
    species;
  2. Fewer habitats/niches;
  3. Decrease in variety of food / fewer food
    sources;
  4. Aspect of clearing forest (killing insects) eg
    machinery, pesticides;
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14
Q

Farmers clear tropical forest and grow crops
instead. Explain how this causes the diversity of
insects in the area to decrease.

A
  1. Lower diversity of plants/ few species of
    plants/less variety of plants/few plant layers;
  2. Few sources/types of food/feeding sites;
  3. Few habitats/ niches;
  4. Fewer (species of) herbivore so few (species
    of) carnivores;
  5. Aspect of agriculture (killing insects);
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15
Q

Genus name?

A

The first word

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16
Q

species name?

A

The second word

17
Q

A “Domain” is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in which there are three groupings:

A

Bacteria
Archaea (a group of prokaryotes)
Eukarya

18
Q

Bacteria: are single-celled prokaryotes that have:

A

No membrane bound organelles e.g. no mitochondria, Golgi or Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smaller ribosomes (70S) than Eukaryotic cells
Cell wall made from murein (never chitin or cellulose)
Single loop/circular DNA not associated with histones.

19
Q

Archaea: are single-celled prokaryotes. Archaea resemble bacteria, however they differ
because:

A

Genes & protein synthesis mechanisms are more similar to Eukaryotes
Fatty acids and glycerol molecules are joined by ether bonds rather than ester
bonds
No murein in the cell walls
More complex RNA polymerase

20
Q

One hierarchy is made up of:

A

Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family >
Genus > Species (from largest to smallest group).

21
Q

Name the taxonomic group between order and genus

A

family

22
Q

Explain what is meant by a heirarchy

A
  1. Groups within groups;
  2. No overlap (between groups);
23
Q

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic group

A

(Grouped according to) evolutionary
links/history/relationships / common ancestry;

24
Q

Give two ways in which courtship increases the
probability of successful mating.

A
  1. Attracts/recognises same species;
  2. Attracts/recognises mate/opposite sex;
  3. Indication of sexual maturity/ fertility /
    synchronies mating;
  4. Stimulates release of gametes;
  5. Form pair bond;
25
Q

In classification, comparing the base sequence
of a gene provides more information than
comparing the amino acid sequence for which
the gene codes. Explain why.

A

Reference to base triplet/triplet code / more
bases than amino acids / longer base sequence
than amino acid sequence;
Introns/non-coding DNA;
Same amino acid may be coded for / DNA code
is degenerate;

26
Q

Comparing the base sequence of genes
provides more evolutionary information than
comparing the structure of proteins. Explain
why.

A
  1. Reference to base triplets/triplet code / more
    bases than amino acids / longer base sequence
    than amino acid sequence:
  2. Introns / non-coding DNA;
  3. Degeneracy of code / more than one code for
    each amino acid:
27
Q

Give two ways doctors could use base
sequences to compare different types of
HPV.

A

1.
Compare DNA base sequence
2
Compare mRNA base sequence
3.
Look for Mutations

28
Q

Describe how comparisons of
biological molecules in two species
could be used to find out if they are
closely related. (6)
(N.B, if they are different species they
are looking for a common ancestor-
Phylogeny)

A

Compare) DNA;
Sequence of bases/nucleotides;
Compare Cytochrome C (mitochondria)
same/named protein;
Sequence of amino acids /primary structure;
immunological evidence - not a mará
Inject (seahorse) protein/serum into animal
(Obtain) antibodies/serum;
Add protein/serum/plasma from other (seahorse)
species;
Amount of precipitate indicates relationship

Biology (10 decks)

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