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Biochemistry unit flashcards

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1
Q

biochemistry

A

The study of the chemical processes occurring in living matter.

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2
Q

Matter:

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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3
Q

Element

A

a pure substance that cannot be broken down to other substances via chemical reactions (any substance on the periodic table)

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4
Q

Compound

A

a substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

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5
Q

What are some examples of compounds

A

(CO, CO2, H2O)

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6
Q

Molecule:

A

a substance in which two or more atoms join together chemically. (

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7
Q

are all compounds molecules?

A

yes

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8
Q

are all molecules compounds?

A

no

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9
Q

What are elments composed of ?

A

atoms

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10
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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11
Q

Atomic Number:

A

signifies the number of protons or the number of electrons in a neutral atom

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12
Q

Mass number:

A

signifies the sum of protons and neutrons

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13
Q

Isotope

A

ne of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.

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14
Q

Ion

A

an atom that has gained or lost electron(s)

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15
Q

Anion

A

indicate a - charged atom which has lost (an) electron(s)

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16
Q

break down the word anion

A

an- meaning to go up

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17
Q

cation

A

indicate a + charged atom which has lost (an) electron(s)

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18
Q

break down the word cation

A

cat- meaning to go down

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19
Q

polar covalent bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons in valence shells
-different charges

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20
Q

What is an example of a molecule with polar covalent bonds?

A

H2O

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21
Q

Can polar covalent bonds exist between two molecules of the same atomic mass?

A

no, only non polar covalent bonds can, because they would have the same charge

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22
Q

Non-Polar Covalent

A

Equal sharing of electrons in valence shells

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23
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

-gain or loss of electrons from valence shells
-Causes an imbalance in electrical charge
-As a result of this exchange, ions are formed

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24
Q

What charges do non-polar covalent bonds result in?

A

NO CHARGES, remains neutral

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25
Q

Why does water have unique physical and chemical structure?

A

Oxygen shares e- unevenly with hydrogen due to its higher electronegativity, causing many polar covalent bonds to form.

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26
Q

in H20, which atoms are cations and which are anions?

A

the oxygen end of the molecule appears negatively charged while the hydrogen end appears positive

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27
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

a weak intermolecular attraction between a water molecule and another water molecule or another polar molecule

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28
Q

Why does hydrogen bonding occur?

A

because of the polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen. This is because since oxygen is positively charged, and hydrogen is negatively charged, the hydrogen atoms are attracted to oxygen atoms on other water molecules.

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29
Q

Why does water exhibit both cohesive and adhesive properties?

A

polar covalent bonding

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30
Q

Why does water become less dense and expand as it freezes?

A

hydrogen bonding

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31
Q

Adhesion

A

-Water molecules stick to other charged particles

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32
Q

What water properties does adhesion enable?

A

-universal solvent
- capillary action

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33
Q

What are the substances that water and cannot dissolve?

A

Water dissolves polar solutes.
-Water cannot easily dissolve non-polar solutes

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34
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Non-polar substances

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35
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar and Ionic substances

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36
Q

Capillary Action

A

Water adheres to sides of tubes and other charged surfaces, rising against force of gravity

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37
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick to themselves

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38
Q

What water properties does cohesion enable?

A

High Heat of Vaporization
High Surface Tension

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39
Q

Why does water have a high heat of vaporization?

A

Because water molecules cohere, more energy is required to break them apart

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40
Q

What substances have a low heat of vaporization?

A

Non-polar substances have less cohesion and hence lower heats of vaporization

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41
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of water to change its temperature by 1°C.

42
Q

High Surface Tension

A

s water interfaces with air at the surface, water molecules cohere, creating a less penetrable surface

43
Q

Surfactants

A

substances that break surface tension

44
Q

What are the main roles of water in the biosphere?

A

-Organisms depend on the cohesion and adhesion of water molecules

-Water moderates temperatures on earth

-Water is the only substance to exist in all three common states of matter(solid, liquid, and gas) on Earth

-Oceans and lakes don’t freeze solid because ice floats

-Water is the solvent of life

45
Q

What are the efects of acids and bases on ecosystems?

A

-carbon dioxide sensors in carotid artery measure blood pH and tell brain when to signal lungs to breathe
-Absorption and digestion require specific pH
-pH may prohibit parasitic infections
-Changes in pH may alter or destroy enzymes

46
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

compounds containing hydrogen and carbon
Ex: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

47
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

compounds not containing carbon and hydrogen atoms

48
Q

What are the main elements of biomolecules?

A

-C: Carbon
-H: Hydrogen
-N:Nitrogen
-O:Oxygen
-P: Phosphorus
-S:Sulfur

49
Q

What are carbohydrates and what are they composed of?

A

Includes sugars and their polymers
Composed of C, H, and O
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms are always in a 2:1 ratio

50
Q

Why are carbohydrates important to organisms?

A

Serve as fuel for physiological processes and a carbon source for growth and development

51
Q

monosaccharides

A

the simplest carbohydrate: single sugar
Most form ring structures
General formula: CH2O

52
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers formed via dehydration synthesis and glycosidic linkage formation of hundreds to thousands of carbohydrate monomers

53
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants composed entirely of glucose monomers (α glycosidic linkage)

54
Q

Glycogen

A

A storage polysaccharide in animals composed entirely of glucose monomers

55
Q

Cellulose+are they digestible & why?

A

storage polysaccharide in plants composed entirely of glucose monomers
β-glycosidic linkages make it indigestible by humans and many other consumers

56
Q

What are lipids and what is their composition?

A

A group of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that are insoluble in water.
Composed of C, H, and O and containing the carboxyl group
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms exist in a greater than 2:1 ratio

57
Q

Why are fats important to organisms?

A

Serve as long term energy storage, insulation, cell membrane composition, hormone composition

58
Q

How do saturated fats form and where are they often found?

A

All carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains form four single bonds with hydrogen and other carbon atoms
Usually solid and dense and found in animal sources

59
Q

Trans Fats

A

Unsaturated fats that have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen (hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils)

60
Q

What are enzymes and why are they important in organisms?

A

are proteins which function as a biological catalyst
Are able to lower activation energy and speed up metabolic reactions

61
Q

What are the steps of bonding in fats/triglycerides?

A
  • each fatty acid loses a hydroxyl group
  • the glycerol loses 3 hydrogen atoms
    -fatty acids and water combine as an ester linkage.
62
Q

What are the properties of lipids?-

A

-hydrogen and oxygen exist in a ration that is greater than 2:1
-insoluble in water
-contain the carboxyl group

63
Q

What are lipids used for in the biosphere?

A

-long term energy storage. insulation. cell membrane composition, hormone composition

64
Q

How do saturated fats form?

A

-all lcarbon atoms form four single bonds with hydrogen and other atoms

65
Q

what are the properties of saturated fats?

A

-solid and dense
-carboxyl group

66
Q

How do unsaturated fats form?

A

2+ of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains form double bonds

67
Q

what do the prefixes mono and poly mean in regard to unsaturated fats?

A

-mono vs poly unsaturated indicates the number of double bonds present

68
Q

What is the composition of a phospholipid and how does it contribute to its properties?

A

-1 glycerol linked to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
this leads it to have a hydrophilic (glycerol) head, and a hydrophobic (fatty acid) tail

69
Q

why are phospholipids significant in the biosphere?

A
  • form a bilayer on every cell membrane in the biosphere
70
Q

What are steroids (cholesterol?)

A

-a lipid that is a precursor to hormones such as testosterone and estrogen

71
Q

What is tetravalence and how does it affect carbon molecules?

A

carobon’s tendenecy to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms because it has four valence electrons. This means that carbon is unlikely to form ionic bonds

72
Q

What are isomers?

A

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties.

73
Q

What are functional groups and what are some examples

A

The components of a chemical reaction that are most often involved in metabolic reactions
-hydroxyl
-carboxyl
-amino acids

74
Q

What is polymerization

A

-the formation of molecules with 3+ identical parts, which are known as monomers

75
Q

What is a dimer

A

-a molecules composed of monomers

76
Q

What is dehydration synthesis and what does it produce?

A

-also called a condensation reaction, it is a chemical reaction that produces water.

77
Q

What is a hydroxyl group composed of?

A

hydrogen and oxygen!

78
Q

Denaturation

A

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental aspects may cause an enzyme to lose its structure and folding.

79
Q

How is denaturation related to homeostasis?

A

reserving this quaternary structure is one of the prime components of homeostasis

80
Q

What happens when an enzyme is exposed to conditions outside its optimal range?

A

By exposing an enzymes to a pH outside of its optimal range, icauses it to be denatured, or have changes in its structure and folding. This disrputs the enzyme’s molecular configuration, and destroys its certain characteristic properties, rendering it dysfunctional

81
Q

substrate

A

reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

82
Q

Why does increased enzyme concentration increase th erate of reaction?

A
  • there is more enzyme to catalyze the reaction, which increases the rate by which the reactants within the substrate are broken down into their products.
83
Q

How do amino acids bond?

A

Two amino acid monomers are joined by removing the hydrogen from one amino group and a hydroxide ion from the carboxyl group of another amino acid

84
Q

peptide bond

A

The linkage between two amino acids is called a peptide bond

85
Q

What is a polypeptide bond?

A

the linkage between 3 or more amino acids

86
Q

proteins (bond definition)

A

A polymer of polypeptide bonds!!!!!!

87
Q

What kind of atoms form polar covalent / nonpolar covalent bonds

A

-ONLY two IDENTICAL atoms can form a nonpolar covalent bond, because there is no difference in electronegativity
-polar covalent bonds are formed between dissimilar atoms, such as H20, because there is a greater difference in electronegativity and thus, the electrons are shared unequally

88
Q

What is an exmaple of a nonpolar covalent bond and why are they so strong?

A
89
Q

. How do any two types of amino acids differ from one another?

A

the chemical structure of their R groups

90
Q

Which molecular structures could be found in a lipid, but not in a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid?

A

The molecular structures that could be found in a lipid, but not in a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid is a long chain made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms. These are the fatty acid chain, which are connected to glycerol.
Lipids and carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Proteins and nucleic acids have nitrogen atoms

91
Q

What has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail?

A

phospholipids, which are polymers where the top atom (glucose) is formed with polar covalent bonds, and the bottom molecules (fatty acid chains), are nonpolar covalent bonds

92
Q

What are the two types of compounds and what makes them different?

A

-In ionic compounds, electrons are transferred between atoms of different elements to form ions
. - chemical compounds, where electrons are shared between atoms of different elements to form covalent bonds

93
Q

What is biuret’s solution used to test for? What color indicates a positive test? What functional group reacts with the reagant and produces this qualitative change?

A

protein
-the biurets solution is originally blue and changes to violet/lavender
-amino acids and carboxyl groups react with the reagent to produce this qualitative change

94
Q

What is the Sudan IV solution used to test for? What color indicates a positive test? What functional group reacts with the reagent and produces this qualitative change?

A

-fats
- the Sudan IV changes from maroon to reddish/orange
- the carboxyl group reacts with the reagent to produce this change

95
Q

What solutions tests for polysaccharides/starch? What color indicates a positive test?

A

-lugol’s
-iodine
-yellow/brown

96
Q

What solution test for monosaccharides/glucose? What color indicates a positive test?

A

-Benedict’s Solution
-it changes from blue to orange

97
Q

What are the four main categories of macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

98
Q

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

A

Tos store genetic information for how to construct proteins

99
Q

hydrolysis

A

-a catabolic reaction in which a water molecule splits the polymer into monomers

100
Q

catabolism

A

A metabolic reaction that breaks down dimers and polymers to release energy from the broken bonds

101
Q

anabolism

A

A metabolic reaction that builds dimers and polymers to store energy within the bonds

Biology Honors (4 decks)

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