Biochemistry - Plant and Animal Cell Organelles Flashcards
1
Q
Cell membrane
A
- Membrane that surrounds cell
- Phospholipid bilateral separated inner + outer environments
- Specialized proteins control flow of materials into + out of cell
- Imbedded carbohydrates allow for cell to cell communication
2
Q
Cell Wall
A
- Hard wall outside cell membrane
- Protects cell, gives shape + strength
- Primary wall is thin + pliable, allows enlargement as cell matures
- Secondary wall is firm, formed at maturity
- Plasmodesmata cell junction
- Only in PLANT cells
3
Q
Centriole
A
- Produce microtubules (structural units of cytoskeleton + spindle fibres)
- Control chromosome movement during cell decision (spindle fibre production + control)
- Only in ANIMAL cells
4
Q
Chloroplast
A
- Type of plastid (membrane bound, involved in photosynthesis + plant storage)
- Site of photosynthesis
- 2 outer membranes that enclose the stroma (semifluid interior)
- Contain chlorophyll (green pigment, captures energy from sunlight)
- Only in PLANT cells
5
Q
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- Extension of nuclear envelope (production + transport of materials)
- Rough E.R.: covered in ribosomes, proteins fold within E.R. membrane (may become part of membrane or transported)
- Smooth E.R.: lipid production (no ribosomes), some enzymes originally from rough E.R. produce membrane lipids + break down carbohydrates, fatty acids, and some drugs + toxins
6
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
- Enzymes within modify, sort, + package proteins for transport within/in/out of cell
- Finished proteins packaged in vesicles for transport
7
Q
Lysosome
A
- Contain enzymes that digest invading bacteria/damaged organelles
- Plants have specialized vesicles with this function so they don’t have lysosomes
- Only in ANIMAL cells
8
Q
Mitochondrion
A
- Site of cellular respiration (ATP produced, required lots of O2)
- Reactions within can extract more energy than any other metabolic pathway
- # of mitochondria depends on cell function
- 2 membranes (1 highly folded in the other), 2 compartments (mitochondrial matrix + intermembrane space)
- Resemble bacteria in size, form, biochemistry
- Divide independently + has
own ribosomes - Endosymbiosis theory: mitochondria used to be their own cells but now have symbiosis with eukaryotic cells after being engulfed
9
Q
Nucleus
A
- Made up of nucleolus, nucleoplasm, + nuclear membrane (and nuclear pores)
- Controls cell activities (growth. reproduction) by regulating gene expression (controls protein production)
10
Q
Nuclear membrane
A
- Lipid bilayer that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm (small molecules such as O2 can diffuse through)
11
Q
Nuclear pores
A
- Allow + control movement of large molecules in + out of nucleus (e.g. RNA)
12
Q
Nucleolus
A
- Site of ribosome synthesis
13
Q
Nucleoplasm
A
- Similar to cytosol, fills nucleus
14
Q
Chromatin
A
- DNA molecules + associated proteins suspended in nucleoplasm
15
Q
Peroxisome
A
- Specialized vesicle that digests fatty acids + amino acids
- Break down hydrogen peroxide (fatty acid digestion byproduct) which protects cell from its damaging effects
16
Q
Ribosome
A
- Makes proteins using RNA instructions
- Found in cytoplasm + on rough E.R.
17
Q
Vacuole
A
- Stores water + other materials, isolate + dispose of wastes, debris, + toxic materials
- Plant cells: 1 large central vacuole (fluid pressure in vacuole keeps cell firm)
- Animal cells: many small vacuoles
18
Q
Vesicle
A
- Many types with different functions
- Some move materials within/in/out of cell
- Others involved in cellular processes (e.g. peroxisome)
19
Q
Cilia, Flagella, + Pseudopods
A
- Arrays of microtubules
- Allow movement
- Flagella: whiplike, propel cells
- Cilia: much smaller + more numerous, coordinated beating propels cell/moves fluids
- Pseudopods: lobes from cell membrane extend outward to move cell, engulf target cells
20
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- Not an organelle
- All internal components except nucleus
- Liquid is cytosol
- Jelly-like, full of proteins + nutrients
- Other organelles are suspended in cytosol
21
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
- Not an organelle
- Made of microtubules (protein filaments) that form an interconnected system that shapes the cell and helps movement
22
Q
Which organelles are only found in animal cells?
A
Centriole, lysosome, cilia/flagella/pseudopods
23
Q
Which organelles are only found in plant cells?
A
Cell wall, chloroplast
24
Q
Which organelles are not membrane bound?
A
- Centriole, ribosome, cilia/flagella/pseudopods, cell membrane, cell wall, nuclear membrane
