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Proteins > Biochemistry of Nutrition > Flashcards

Biochemistry of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of a vitamin

A

organic compounds required for normal metabolic function which cannot be synthesised by the body

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2
Q

what is the definition of a mineral

A

inorganic elements which have physiological function

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3
Q

which vitamines are fat soluble

A

EKAD

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4
Q

what are the majority of vitamins converted into

A

coenzymes

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5
Q

what is thiamin (B1)converted into

A

thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

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6
Q

what enyme is tpp a cofactor for

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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7
Q

what diseas does thiamin deficiency result in

A

beri-beri

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8
Q

what is riboflavin (B2) a constituent of

A

FAD and FMN

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9
Q

whatcomponent of niacin (B3) a is used as part of NAD(P)H

A

nicotinic acid

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10
Q

what can nicotinic acid be syntheised from in the body

A

tryptophan

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11
Q

what does deficiency in niacin lead to

A

pellagra

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12
Q

what is the funstion of niacin

A

lowers LDH-C and triglycerides and raises levels of HDL-C

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13
Q

what is nicotinamide used at pharmacological doses to treat

A

skin and neurological disorders

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14
Q

what is pantothenic acid used as

A

a component of coenzyme-A

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15
Q

what is biotin used in

A

prosthetic group for carboxylases acting as CO2 carrier

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16
Q

what is biotin deficiency linked wiht

A

birth defects

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17
Q

what enzyme is biotin remade using

A

biotinidase

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18
Q

whatis B6 converted to

A

PLP

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19
Q

what sort of reactions is PLP involved in

A

transamination and glycogen breakdown
haem synthesis
neurotransmitter synthesis
modulation of steroid hormones actions

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20
Q

what can excess PLP cause

A

nerve damage

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21
Q

what metal ion does B12 contain

A

Cobalt (III)

22
Q

which reactions is B12 involved in

A

methionine synthase

L-mythylmalonyl-CoA synthase

23
Q

where is B12 found

A

animal food sources

24
Q

what does deficiency of B12 lead to

A

pernicious anaemia, eventually macrocytic anaemia and neurlogical symptoms

25
Q

which part of folic acid (B9) is mostly responsible for its activity

A

pteridine ring

26
Q

what is the main type of reactions is folic acid involved in

A

one carbon transfers

27
Q

what is folic acid required for biosynthesis of

A

serine, methionine,glycine,choline,purine nucleotides, dTMP

28
Q

what is the result of deciciency

A

megaloblastic anaemia and neural tube defects/spina bifida

29
Q

what step of folate recycling is B12 required for

A

homocysteine + 5-methyltetrahydrofolate–> methionine + tetrahydrofolate

30
Q

what are B12, folate and B6 all required for

A

DNA methylation

31
Q

what is vit c required for

A

coenzyme for prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase during collagen synthesis, bile acid synthesis, adrenaline synthesis

32
Q

how is it potentially linked to vit E

A

required for regeneration of reduced form of vit e

33
Q

what does vit C deficiency lead to

A

scurvy

34
Q

what is the role of vitamin e

A

protects from free radicals and lipid peroxidation in membranes

35
Q

what is vit a derived from

A

b caroteen

36
Q

what does deficiency of vit a lead to

A

poor vision/blindness death

37
Q

what is vit K required for

A

coaggulation

38
Q

what are the 2 forms of vit K

A

phylloquinone and menaquinone

39
Q

what is vit k required for

A

k dependant carboxylases which convert glutamate to g-carboxyglutamate in clotting factors

40
Q

what is g-carboxyglutamate residues required for in clotting factors

A

binding calcium

41
Q

what does warfarin do

A

acts as anticoagulant by preventing regeneration of vit k

42
Q

what is the precursor to vit d synthesis

A

cholesterol

43
Q

what is required for vit d synthesis

A

uv light

44
Q

whats the result of lack of vit d

A

osteomalacia or rickeys

45
Q

what is vit d involved in

A 
transcription regulation
calcium homeostasis
bone growth/maintenance
cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis
immune system
skeletal muscle function
46
Q

how does vit d effect calcium homestasis

A

binds receptorsin nucleus
increases ca and phosphate absorption from intestine
can also mobilise ca from bones if supply insufficient

47
Q

what occurs from lack of iron

A

anaemia

48
Q

what is iron involved in

A

electron carrier eg in cytochromes and haem

49
Q

what is the effect of anaemia on rbcs

A

smaller and paler

50
Q

what is calcium involved in

A 
cell signallin
neural transmission
muscle function
blood coagulation 
secretion
biomeneralisation
membrane and cytoskeletal functions
51
Q

what is the result of deficience of calcium

A

muscle cramps and spasms

increased risk of osteoperosis

52
Q

how are ca levels controlled

A

when drop, pth is release promoting release of ca from bone, increase resorption by kidneys and activation of vit D
vit d increases absorption from intestines, reguates pth release and increase response of bone to pth

Proteins (4 decks)

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