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Biochemistry Finals > Biochemistry of Aging > Flashcards

Biochemistry of Aging Flashcards

1
Q

The hydrolysis of amino groups on nucleotide bases can lead to

A

Changes in genetic info stored in DNA
Causing Mutations or DNA damage

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2
Q

It is the longest stage, and a period of
dramatic physical growth or developmental
change

A

Adulthood

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3
Q

plays important catalytic, regulatory, redox, and structural roles in proteins

A

Sulfhydryl group of Cysteine

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4
Q

provide an expendable source of DNA whose gradual loss is of little immediate consequence to the cell.

A

Telomere

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5
Q

process when amine groups in proteins and nucleotides are exposed to a reducing sugar such as glucose, they may form an adduct

A

Glycation

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6
Q

possesses the precise geometry needed to bring its side chain carboxyl group into close proximity with the peptide bond involving its α-carboxyl group, at which point they may react to generate a cyclic diamide

A

Aspartic Acid

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7
Q

contain a conjugated carbon–carbon double bond that can react with the amino group on a neighboring macromolecule

A

Amadori Products

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8
Q

proposes that these mutations also serve as drivers of the aging process. Simply put, the accumulation of mutated somatic cells must inevitably lead to compromised biologic function that manifests itself, at least in part, as the physical changes we associate with aging

A

somatic mutation theory of aging

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9
Q

Replacement by hydrolysis of the amino groups on nucleotide bases with ___________ alters the chemical structure of the bases

A

Carbonyl oxygen

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10
Q

products arising from the combination of precursors - with biologic compounds that contain multiple double bonds such as nucleotide bases and polyunsaturated FA

A

Adducts

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11
Q

used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of diabetes.

A

Glycation of hemoglobin and serum albumin

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12
Q

consists of two tripeptides linked by an S-S bond, is then enzymatically reduced to maintain the pool of protectant.

A

Oxidized glutathione

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13
Q

possess antioxidant properties, which accounts for the popularity of diets that emphasize foods or supplements rich in these compounds to combat ROS and, hopefully, slow aging

A

Ascorbic Acid and Vitamin E

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14
Q

Guanine will be replaced to form

A

Xanthine

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15
Q

He proposed the free radical theory of aging

A

Denham Harmon

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16
Q

individual’s lifespan was reciprocally linked to their basal metabolic rate

A

Raymond Pearl

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17
Q

Loss of membrane integrity can ____________

A

Potentially allow proton to leak across, reducing efficiency of ATP generation

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18
Q

They carry a negative charge at physiological pH, which stabilizes protein structures through interactions like salt bridges and hydrogen bonds

A

Aspartate and Glutamate residues

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19
Q

process where the individual members of the global population of a given biomolecule are degraded and replaced by new synthesis on a continuing, or constitutive, basis to remove damaged lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

A

Routine turnover

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20
Q

imbues higher organisms with the ability to selectively eliminate cells that are rendered superfluous by developmental changes, such as those that continually take place during embryogenesis, or which have been damaged beyond repair

A

Apoptosis

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21
Q

toxic aggregates due to modification of protein’s composition or conformation that cause it to adhere to other protein molecules

A

Amyloid

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22
Q

most common of source of ROS due to high levels of electron flux and structural complexity render it vulnerable to “leakage” of ROS

A

Electron Transport Chain

23
Q

Reactive Oxygen Species display a particularly strong tendency to form

A

Adducts

24
Q

for repairing double-strand breaks in the phosphodiester backbone

A

Ku System

25
Q

Cytosine will be replaced to form

A

Uracil

26
Q

Prominent sources of molecular and cellular damage

A

Water, Oxygen and Sunlight

27
Q

Employ prosthetic groups such as flavin nucleotides, iron-sulfur centers, or heme-bound metal ions to assist in generating and stabilizing the free radical and oxyanion intermediates formed during these processes

A

Redox Enzymes

28
Q

provides the core around which the apoptosome, a multiprotein complex, coalesces

A

Cytochrome C

29
Q

Susceptible Targets of Water inside the cell

A

Amide Bonds that forms polypeptide chains

Side Chain Amides of the amino acids Asparagine and Glutamine

30
Q

postulates that aging is a reflection of the cumulative biomolecular damage that results from the continual and inescapable production of ROS.

A

Free Radical Theory

31
Q

A weak nucleophile but ubiquitous and high in concentration.

A

Water (Tubig)

32
Q

lacks genes encoding the types of surveillance and repair enzymes responsible for maintaining the integrity of nuclear DNA

A

Mitochondrial Genome

33
Q

This can lead to the efflux of cytochrome C

A

Accumulated damage to mitochondrial membranes

34
Q

Adenine will be replaced to form

A

Hypoxanthine

35
Q

refers to those wave lengths of light that lie immediately below the blue end of the visible spectrum

A

UV Radiation

36
Q

These are three human genetic diseases whose pathologies include an acceleration of many of the physiologic events associated with aging

A

Hutchison-Gilford, Werner, and Down syndrome

37
Q

What is most frequently targeted by water

A

Side Chain Amides of the amino acids Asparagine and Glutamine

38
Q

can reduce cysteine sulfenic acids and aberrant disulfides on proteins and form adducts with toxic xenobiotics

A

Glutathione

39
Q

a much reduced, vestigial remnant of the genome of the ancient bacterium that was the precursor of the current organelle

A

Mithochondrial Endogenous Genome

40
Q

Other biologically relevant bonds that are susceptible to hydrolysis

A

Ester linkages connecting Fatty Acids to Cognate Glycerolipids

Glucosidic Bonds that link monosaccharide units of Carbs

Phosphodiester bonds that hold polynucleotides together

41
Q

It is the final stage of life, is signaled by a
resurgence of physical and physiological
change

A

Old Age

42
Q

reflects the robustness and durability of an individual’s molecular protection, repair, and replacement mechanisms

A

Longevity

43
Q

Peroxidation of Lipids leads to the formation of

A

Cross linked lipid-lipid and Lipid-Protein adducts

44
Q

Harmon’s observation that lifespan is inversely related to

A

Metabolic rate and Respiration

45
Q

The most prominent mechanisms for repairing damaged proteins target the

A

oxidized side chain sulfur atoms of cysteine and methionine, and the isoaspartyl groups

46
Q

This chemical reaction transforms asparagine and glutamine residues into aspartate and glutamate residues

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

Adducts formed with _____________ can be dangerous because if uncorrected they cause mutation generating errors during DNA replication

A

Nucleotide Bases

48
Q

It is the lifespan for those who survived
infancy. It does not take into account infant
mortality

A

Longevity

49
Q

Maintaining the integrity of the genome begins at

A

Replication

50
Q

a ribonucleoprotein that is expressed in stem cells and most cancer cells, but not in somatic cells.

A

Telomerase

51
Q

Biologic processes that require enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of organic molecules by molecular oxygen

A

Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine

Detoxifications of Xenobiotic by cytochrome P450

Degradation of Purine to Uric Acid

Reoxidation of the prosthetic groups in Flavin

Redox Reactions

52
Q

These are crucial for enzyme catalysis, regulatory mechanisms and metal ion binding enhancing protein function, stability and interactions in biological processes

A

Aspartate and Glutamate residues

53
Q

It is calculated by averaging
overall births, hence influenced by infant
mortality

A

Life expectancy

54
Q

Pathways that can be generated from less destructive ROS in living organisms

A

Fenton Reaction and Haber Weiss Reaction

Biochemistry Finals (2 decks)

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