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MCDB 1A > Biochemistry - Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

strong bonds

A

covalent

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2
Q

weak bonds / forces

A

H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, Van-der-waal forces

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3
Q

How are macromolecules built / linked

A

via condensation / dehydration rxns creating covalent bonds

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4
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

glycerol & fatty acids

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5
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

what are polysaccharides made of?

A

glucose

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7
Q

what are nucleic acids made of?

A

nucleotides

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8
Q

Triglycerides

A

type of lipid that stores E

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9
Q

saturated fat

A

no c-c double bonds

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10
Q

unsaturated fats

A

contains at least 1 c-c double bond

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11
Q

Phospholipids

A

lipid membrane component - lipid bilayer

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12
Q

Steroids

A

lipid membrane component - disturbs close packing

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13
Q

carbohydrates

A

have 2+ hydroxyl groups with formula (CH2O)n

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14
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

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15
Q

beta sugar

A

hydroxyl group faces up

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16
Q

alpha sugar

A

hydroxyl group faces down

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17
Q

Disaccharides

A

dimers

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymers
-starch, glycogen, cellulose

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19
Q

Cellulose
- linkages, branching, function

A

B - 1,4
no branching
plant structure

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20
Q

Starch
- linkages, branching, function

A

a-1,4 & a-1,6
some branching
plant E storage

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21
Q

Glycogen
- linkages, branching, function

A

a-1,4 & a-1,6
extensive branching
animal E storage

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22
Q

Proteins

A

many functions, made of AA

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23
Q

what type of bonds hold amino acids together in proteins?

A

peptide bonds with an amino terminus and carboxyl terminus

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24
Q

Primary protein structure

A
  • formed by covalent peptide bonds
  • creates polypeptide strands
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25
Q

Secondary protein structure

A
  • formed by localized H-bonds in backbone
  • creates b plated sheets or a helix
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26
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A
  • formed by H-bonds, ionic, hydrophobic, and disulfide bridges (covalent bonds)
    -creates 3D protein structure
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27
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A
  • formed by weak forces (SOMETIMES covalent disulfide bridges)
  • creates larger protein molecules, not all proteins have this
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28
Q

nucleotides

A

contains a nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and sugar (numbered with primers)

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29
Q

pyrimidine

A

narrow
Cytosine (C), Thymine(T), and uracil (U)

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30
Q

purine

A

wide
adenine(A), Guanine(G)

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31
Q

polymerization

A

joins together monomers to create a polymer

32
Q

Polymers of nucleotides

A

RNA & DNA

33
Q

RNA

A

-ribose sugar
-G,C,U,A as bases
-single stranded

34
Q

DNA

A

-deoxyribose sugar
-GCTA as bases
-double stranded helix

35
Q

Griffith Experiment
-brief summary
-findings
-year

A

-Used 2 strains of bacteria (one virulent and one non virulent) and tested on a mouse. In cultures with killed virulent and live non-virulent, the mouse died.
-found that non virulent was transformed genetically by virulent cell material
-1920s

36
Q

Avery Experiment
-brief summary
-findings
-year

A

-treated virulent and non virulent bacteria strains with things that killed potential genetic material. The mouse only lived in the trial where virulent bacteria DNA was killed.
-DNA must be the transforming agent
-1940s

37
Q

Hershey-Chase Experiment
-brief summary
-findings
-year

A

-used bacteriophage treated with two radioactive materials to find which part of the phage (only protein and DNA) was present in the cells. DNA was found in the cells pellet.
-DNA is the material that enters cells and thus the genetic material
-1953

38
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A=T, C=G (purines=pyrimidines)

39
Q

What did x-ray crystallography tell us?

A

-helix structure of DNA, put together by watson and Crick

40
Q

Meselson-Stahl Experiment
-brief summary
-findings

A

-used light nitrogen and heavy nitrogen samples and grew bacteria in an environment for many generations. Found that there were intermediate and light bacteria in any sample
-DNA replication is semiconservative\

41
Q

Replication

A

DNA to DNA

42
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

43
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

44
Q

how is DNA synthesized

A

-antiparallel in a 5’ to 3’ direction

45
Q

Leading strand

A

continuously synthesized

46
Q

Lagging strand

A

synthesized in fragments

47
Q

Okasaki fragments

A

segments of lagging strand

48
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

synthesizes new strand and proofreads strand

49
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

replaces RNA primer

50
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins okasaki fragments

51
Q

Primase

A

lays down RNA primer

52
Q

Helicase

A

opens replication fork

53
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

binds to template strand to keep fork open

54
Q

telomerase

A

prevents telomeres from being lost during replication

55
Q

mRNA

A

transfers info from nucleus to cytoplasm

56
Q

tRNA

A

AA carrier, from mRNA to protein

57
Q

rRNA

A

ribosome component, involved in translation

58
Q

codon

A

3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

59
Q

translation process

A

anticodon on tRNA connects with corresponding codon on mRNA on A site of ribosome. tRNA moves to P site of ribosome and new tRNA connects to A site. Peptide bond forms between newly coded amino acids to the protein chain.

60
Q

RNA processing

A

add a 5’ cap and poly-A tail to add stability. Remove introns and splice together exons

61
Q

Alternative splicing

A

1 gene can code for several diff proteins due to different splicing

62
Q

micro RNA

A

blocks translation, degrades mRNA

63
Q

protein trafficking

A

gets a protein to its functional destination using signal sequence

64
Q

silent mutation

A

change codon, same amino acid

65
Q

missense mutation

A

change codon, diff amino acid

66
Q

nonsense mutation

A

premature stop codon

67
Q

frame-shift mutation

A

1-2 bases inserted/deleted, causes missense and nonsense

68
Q

thermodynamics

A

predicts rxn spontaneity and amt of P and R

69
Q

kinetics

A

predicts reaction rates

70
Q

what is the biological catalyst

A

enzyme

71
Q

how many turns of glucose catabolism cycle does 1 glucose molecule take?

A

2

72
Q

How many ATP does 1 NADH produce

A

3

73
Q

How many ATP does FADH produce

A

2

74
Q

How many ATP is required to get through cytoplasm after glycolysis? For glucose and for other molecules

A

-2 for glucose
-1 for other mcls

75
Q

What part of the glucose catabolism cycle produces the most ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

MCDB 1A (2 decks)

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