Biochemistry Flashcards Flashcards by GLORIA VELEZ

key macromolecules for the continuity of life

nucleic acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bears the hereditary information that`s passed on from parents to children, providing instructions for how and when to make the many proteins needed to build and maintain functioning cells, tissue and organisms

DNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nucleic acids macromolecules made out of units called?

nucleotides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nucleic Acids come into two naturally occurring varieties

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nucleotides consists of three components namely

a base, a deoxyribose sugar for DNA
a ribose sugar for RNA
a 1-3 phosphate group linked via phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

to detect each these components , an extracted DNA sample needs to be hydrolyzed or broken down first using

strong acid like H2SO4 at high temperature or by enzymes ( nuclease and phosphodiesterase)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

test to detects the presence of reducing sugar

Fehlings test and Tollens test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

test to detect the presence of phosphate group

small amount of the sample that is acidified with concentrated nitric acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Purines and Pyrimidines in general being weak nonpolar bases are easily separated by

chromatography and electrophoresis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

absorb light at ?

250-280 nm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This test is useful in detecting certain diseases such as gout

Uric acid test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stores genetic information
Cellular library
Located in Nucleus
Double Strand

DNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Transfer Genetic Information
Single Strand

RNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nucleic acid is a prosthetic groups of conjugated protein known as

Nucleoprotein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are the nucleoproteins found in the body

Nuclei of the cell
Tissue like cell nuclei
Protoplasm of the cell of both plants and animals
Thymus
Liver
Spleen
Kidney
Pancreas

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Constantly circulating fluid providing the body with nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal

Blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is mostly liquid, with numerous cells and proteins suspended in it, making blood “thicker” than pure water

Blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the average person has about how many liters of blood?

5 liters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It contains proteins that help the blood to clot, transport substances through the blood, and perform other functions

Plasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood plasma also contains

Glucose and other dissolved nutrients

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood is conducted through?

Blood vessels ( arteries and veins)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Carries oxygen to the tissues

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fight Infections

White Blood Cells (WBC)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Smaller cells that help the blood to clot

Platelets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Both are liquid medium that blood cells move through

Blood serum and Blood plasma

Difference between Blood serum and Blood plasma

the presence of the coagulants that allow blood clots to form

When those coagulants are present, the liquid is referred to

As plasma

When removed the coagulants what remains is?

Serum

Is the liquid fraction of whole blood that is collected after the blood is allowed to clot

Serum

Clot is removed by centrifugation and the resulting supernatant, designated serum, is carefully removed using a

Pasteur pipette

Produced when whole blood is collected in tubes that are treated with an anticoagulant

Plasma

The major components of blood

Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets

The major components of blood

Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets

This is the major constituent of blood comprises about 55 percent of blood volume

Plasma

Plasma contains

Salts, Proteins, and Blood cells

Plasma transports

Nutrients, Sugar, fats, hormones, gases, and waste material

These cells determine blood type and are the most abundant cell type in the blood

Red Blood Cell ( erythrocytes)

Red Blood Cells have what is known as a

Biconcave shape

These play an important role in the immune system and lymphatic system by defending the body against infection

White Blood Cells ( leukocytes)

These cells components are formed from pieces of cells found in the bone marrow megakaryocytes

Platelets ( thrombocytes)

Each red blood cell is about

1/3 hemoglobin , by volume

Plasma is about what percent of water?

92%

The main plasma protein groups are

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens

The primary blood gasses are

oxygen, carbon dioxide , and nitrogen

The most common method of separating blood is

To centrifuge (spin it)

A thin cream- colored layer consisting of white blood cells and platelets forms below the plasma

buffy coat

The average adult has about liters of blood

Test measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from waste product urea

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Is the major end product of protein and amino acids catabolism

Urea

Test to see how well your kidney works

BUN test

Can make your BUN level higher

Chronic renal disease dehydration, or a high protein diet

Can lower your BUN level

Liver disease or damage

Normal value BUN

8-23 mg/dl

test to measures the level of creatinine in the blood

Creatinine blood test

What three amino acids produce in Creatinine?

Methionine, Arginine, and Lysine

Normal value in creatinine

0.5-1.5 mg/dL

Picric acid + NaOH+ serum=

[+] red- precipitate

Is a waste product found in the blood

Uric acid

Uric acid normal value in female and male

2.6-6.0 mg/dL female 3.5-7.2 mg/dL male

is the main sugar found in your blood

Blood sugar or Glucose

Is a disease in which your blood sugar levels are too high

Diabetes ( type 1, 2, PCOs, and gestational)

Normal value in blood sugar

70-140 mg/dL

Benedict`s test+ serum=

[+] brick-red precipitate

Is a fat-like, waxy substance that can be found in all parts of your body

Cholesterol

Cholesterol in our blood comes from two sources

the foods that we eat your liver

Normal value in cholesterol

150-190 mg/dL

Liebermann Burchard + whole blood=

[+] green solution

salkowski + whole blood=

[+] red solution

Is a major extracellular anion

Chloride

normal value in chloride

98-107 mmol/L

Silver nitrate+ serum=

[+] white precipitate

Is a mineral that body needs to build strong bones and teeth

Phosphorous

normal value in phosphorous=

3-4mg/dL

Ammonium molybdate + serum=

[+] yellow precipitate

Is a mineral present exclusively in the plasma, the fifth most common element

Calcium

When you have more calcium in your blood than normal what doctor`s called?

hypercalcelma

Normal value in Calcium=

9-11 mg/dL

Is the major extracellular cation that helps maintain fluid levels and the balance of chemicals in your body acids and bases

Sodium

Normal value in Sodium=

135-145 mmol/L

Albanese lein+ serum=

[+] yellow precipitate

Is the second most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid

bicarbonate

Normal value in bicarbonate=

21-28 mEq/L (veneous blood)

Is one of the most common blood test

Complete blood count (CBC)

Is a measure of how much of your blood volume

hematocrit

Is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells

hemoglobin

Is a measure of the average size of your red blood cells

mean corpuscular (MCV)

It offers potential as a useful diagnostic fluid

saliva test

SIMBAS stand for?

Self-powered Integrated Microfluidic Blood Analysis System

It is a tiny lab on a computer chip that can yield blood test results within about 10 mins

SIMBAS

Is a blood test microchip that only requires a drop of blood in order to make an analysis

Microemulsion

Test for glucose

Benedicts reagent (brick red)

Test for protein

Ammonium sulfate and serum ( red orange solution)

Test for chloride

addition of silver nitrate and nitric acid produce white precipitate

hemi means

red pigment

globin means

protein

an important laboratory test for the assessment of kidney dysfunctions when the specimen is collected, processed, and analyzed correctly

urinalysis

may be considered as filtrate from the blood

urine

indicates a high specific gravity and small quantity of urine

Amber color

Normal odor pf urine?

aromatic

Is observed in a patient with diabetes when large amounts of acetone or ketone bodies are present and helpful in the diagnosis of ketosis

fruity aroma

24 hour amount of the normal urine (adult) is about?

1000-2000 mL

Urine is acidic with the average of?

pH 6.6

Urea is an organic compound whose chemical formula is

(NH2)2CO

Urea is also known as

carbamide

A hormone called helps move glucose from the bloodstream into the cells

Insulin

Normal color in urine

pale yellow to amber

Not normal urine

dark yellow

RNA classified as

Aldoses

removed by centrifudge

Clot

are among the most common diagnostic tests performed to detect and diagnose ilnessess

Blood chemistry test

what is the most abundant plasma protein

albumin

Increase of glucose in the blood

hyperglycemia

decrease of glucose value in the blood

hypoglycemia

the normal volume of urine by a normal adult will vary from around

240-300 ml

abnormal platelets levels may signal a or

bleeding disorder thrombotic disorder

can raise the levels of hemoglobin

diabetes

Saliva test are typically analyzed using

PCR, ELISA, mass spectrometry, analytical chemistry techniques

SIMBAS still requires blood, only a droplet is required. which can be obtained from a

5 ul, finger prick

a high hematocrit level can indicates while a low may indicates

dehydration anemia

It can be used as an initial screening test for an infection and a general measures of health

complete blood count (CBC)

CBC assay of the and the

ratio of red to white blood cells number of platelets in blood

A little ammonium molybdate is added to form an which can be seen as ammonium

ammonium phosphomolybdate complex yellow precipitate

plasma is produced when treated with an

anticoagulant

are converted into uric acid via and are considered waste

purines

nucleoside plus phosphate group

nucleotide

nucleotide contains only a bonded in a or

nitrogen base sugar

uric acid is the major product of

catabolism

creatinine is the end product of

muscle metabolism