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Biochemistry- First Aid > Biochemistry First Aid- Cellular > Flashcards

Biochemistry First Aid- Cellular Flashcards

1
Q

what molecules regulate the cell cycle at checkpoints

A

cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK’s) and tumor suppressors

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2
Q

what do cyclins do to CDK’s

A

activate them

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3
Q

what factors normally inhibit G1-to-S progression

A

p53 and hypophosphorylated Rb

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4
Q

name a disease associated with mutated p53 that predisposes to cancer

A

Li-Fraumeni (autosomal dominant)

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5
Q

name the phases of the cell cycle in order beginning with mitosis and ending right before the subsequent mitosis

A

mitosis, G1 and/or (G0), S, G2, subsequent mitosis

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6
Q

what is interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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7
Q

what stage of the cell cycle do permanent cells remain in

A

G0

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8
Q

what kinds of cells are permanent cells

A

neurons, skeletal cardiac myocytes, RBC’s

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9
Q

when stable cells are stimulated what do they do with respect to the cell cycle

A

stimulated quiescent (stable) cells move from G0 back into G1

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10
Q

what kinds of cells are stable (quiescent) cells

A

hepatocytes, lymphocytes

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11
Q

what kind of unique cell cycle activity do labile cells demonstrate and what are they affected by that no other cell types are affected by

A

do not enter G0, but rather continue from mitosis to G1 and continue dividing; most affected by chemotherapy

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12
Q

what kinds of cells in the body are labile cells

A

gastrointestinal epithelium, skin, hair follicles, germ cells and bone marrow

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13
Q

what are Nissl bodies

A

RER in neurons

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14
Q

which cells have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

hepatocytes and steroid hormone producing cells of the adrenal cortex and gonads

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15
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do to aspargine?

serine and threonine?

A

modifies N-oligossacharides on aspargine

adds O-oligosaccharides to serine and threonine

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16
Q

what kind of sugar is added to proteins so that they can be trafficked to lysosomes

A

mannose-6-P

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17
Q

what is I-cell disease

A

inclusion cell disease: an inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of phosphotransferase which normally adds mannose-6P to proteins so that they can be trafficked to lysosome; instead the proteins are secreted by the cell

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18
Q

what clinical symptoms do patients with I-cell disease have

A

coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes, often fatal in childhood

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19
Q

what is the role of signal recognition particle (SRP)

A

to traffic proteins from the ribosome to the RER in order to prevent them from accumulating in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

name three vesicular trafficking proteins

A

COPI (Golgi to Golgi and Golgi back to ER), COPII (Golgi to Golgi and ER to Golgi), and Clathrin (Golgi to lysosomes, plasma membrane to endosomes (endocytosis))

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21
Q

what do peroxisomes catabolize

A

long-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, amino acids

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22
Q

what is a proteasome and what condition has it been implicated in

A

protein complex that degrades damaged or ubiquitin-tagged proteins
defects in ubiquitin-proteasome system is implicated in Parkinson’s

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23
Q

what are the two dimers of the microtuble

A

alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

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24
Q

what is bound to each dimer of microtubules

A

2 GTP

25
Q

what role do microtubules play in the body

A

comprise mitotic spindles, cilia, flagella and allow for transport of neurons

26
Q

what are the two molecular motor proteins that move along microtubules and what direction do they move

A

kinesin moves in the forward direction (- to +)

dynein moves in the backward direction (+ to -)

27
Q

name 5 drugs that act on microtubules

A 
mebendazole
griseofulvin
colchicine (gout treatment)
vincristine/vinblastine (cancer treatment)
paclitaxel (cancer treatment)
28
Q

what is Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)

A

defect in dynein that causes immotile cilia
==> immotile sperm and dysfunctional fallopian tube cilia leads to infertility and ectopic pregnancy risk in women
can also cause bronchiectasis, recurrent sinusitis and situs inverses

29
Q

what is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia

A

9 + 2

30
Q

what does axonemal dynein do

A

bend the cilia

31
Q

_______ are polymers and _______ are dimers (myosin vs. actin)

A

actin are polymers and myosin are dimers

32
Q

name some intermediate filaments (they provide structure

A

vimentin, desmin, cytokeratin, lamin, glial fibrillary acid proteins, neurofilaments

33
Q

name some common components of a plasma membrane and what particular molecules is specific to fungal membranes

A

cholesterol, phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids and proteins (ergosterol in fungi)

34
Q

what intermediate filament can you use to stain for connective tissue

A

vimentin

35
Q

what intermediate filament can you use to stain for muscle

A

desmin

36
Q

what intermediate filament can you use to stain for epithelial cells

A

cytokeratin

37
Q

what intermediate filament can you use to stain for neuroglia

A

GFAP

38
Q

what intermediate filament can you use to stain for neurons

A

neurofilaments

39
Q

for every ATP consumed by the NaK pump how many Na and K go in/out

A

3 Na out, 2 K in

40
Q

which drug inhibits the K binding site of the NaK pump

A

ouabain

41
Q

what cardiac drugs works by inhibiting the NaK pump

A

cardiac glycosides: digoxin and digitoxin

42
Q

which bone disease involves low production of type I collagen

A

osteogenesis imperfecta type I

43
Q

what tissues of the body are made from type I collagen

A

bone, tendons, skin, dentin, fascia, cornea and late wound repair

44
Q

what type of tissue is made from type II collagen

A

cartilage (“car-two-lage”

45
Q

what type of tissue is made from type III collagen

A

reticulin: comprises skin, blood vessels, uterine tissue, fetal tissue and granulation tissue

46
Q

what disease results from deficient type III cartilage

A

Ehler’s-Danlos

47
Q

what is made from type IV collagen

A

basement membrane, basal lamina, lens

48
Q

what disease results from defective type IV collagen

A 
Alport syndrome (nephritis caused by thinning and splitting of GBM, also associated with lens defects and hearing deficits)
Goodpasture's (autoantibodies target the defective collagen)
49
Q

30% of collagen consists of what amino acid

A

glycine

50
Q

vitamin C is important for what part of collagen synthesis

A

hydroxylation; specific proline and lysine residues are hydroxylated

51
Q

name the six stages of collagen synthesis

A
  1. synthesis (in RER)
  2. hydroxylation (in RER)
  3. glyosylation (in RER)
  4. exocytosis
  5. proteolytic processessing (procollagen cleaved to make tropocollagen)
  6. cross-linking (covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linkage are formed to connect tropocollagen molecules to make collagen fibrils)
52
Q

besides multiple fractures and blue sclera what other symptoms do patients with osteogenesis imperfecta have

A

hearing loss (abnormal ossicles) and dental imperfections (deficient dentin)

53
Q

what conditions may Ehler’s Danlos syndrome be associated with

A

berry aneurysms, joint dislocation, aortic aneurysms and organ rupture

54
Q

name three different types of Ehler’s Danlos syndrome

A 
hypermobility type (most common):  flexible joints
classic type:  type V collagen mutation
vascular type:  deficient type III collagen
55
Q

what is Menkes disease

A

connective tissue disease caused by impaired copper absportion and transport –> low lysyl oxidase activity leads to brittle, kinked hair, growth retardation and hypotonia

56
Q

what molecule inhibits break down of elastin by elastase

A

alpha1-antitrypsin

57
Q

defect in what protein causes Marfan syndrome

A

fibrillin (a glycoprotein that forms a sheath around elastin)

58
Q

emphysema can be caused by deficiency of what molecule involved in elastin regulation

A

alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency ==> excess elastase activity leads to low elastin

59
Q

what are the 3 major steps of PCR

A
  1. denaturation
  2. anealling
  3. elongation

Biochemistry- First Aid (6 decks)

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