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Digestion > Biochemistry Exam II > Flashcards

Biochemistry Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

What do you lose when vomiting

A

H20, H+, K+, Cl-

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2
Q

Increased intestinal secretion can lead to

A

Diarrhea

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3
Q

Leads to dehydration and metabolic acidosis

A

Severe Diarrhea

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4
Q

Production of Fluid and Digestive Enzymes for Homogenization, lubrication and digestion of carbohydrate (AMYLASE) and lipid (LINGUAL LIPASES).

A

Salivary Glands

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5
Q

Secretion of HCl and proteases to initiate hydrolysis of proteins

A

Stomach

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6
Q

Biocarbonate, Proteases, and Lipases to continue digestion of protein and lipids; and amylase to continue digestion of starch.

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

Secretion and storage of bile acids for release into the small intestine

A

Liver and Gall Bladder

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8
Q

Final intraluminal digestion of food, digestion of carbohydrate dimers and specific absorptive pathways for digested material

A

Small Bowel

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9
Q

Absorption of fluid and electrolytes and products of bacterial action in colon

A

Large Bowel

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10
Q

Most digestive enzymes in the GI tract are secreted as ______

A

Zymogens, or inactive enzyme precursors

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11
Q

How are zymogens activated

A

Changes in pH, Enteropeptidases

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12
Q

All enzymes ______ their substrates

A

Hydrolyze (Hydrolases)

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13
Q

1st stage of digestion

A

Mouth (chewing)

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14
Q

Secretion of saliva controlled by

A

PNS** and SNS

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15
Q

Main absorptive surface as such is lined with mucosal folds

A

Small Intestine

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16
Q

Important for digestive process and preservation of tissues of stomach and intestine

A

pH

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17
Q

Saliva is ________
Lumen is _____
But Lumina mucus is ______
Acid is counteracted by ______

A

Alkaline
Strongly acidic
Alkaline
Alkaline Pancreatic secretions of the Duodenum

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18
Q

Main Polysaccharides

A

Starch (amylose) (plant)–Potatoes, rice, bread, onions

Amylopectin (glycogen) (plant, & animal)–Potatoes, rice, bread, muscle, liver

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19
Q

Most common Disaccharides

A

Sucrose–Desserts, sweets ‘sugar’

Lactose–Milk

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20
Q

Most common Monosaccharides

A

Fructose–Fruits, honey
Glucose–Fruits, honey
–>Require no further digestion

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21
Q

Necessary for the digestion of starch and glycogen

A

Salivary/pancreatic Amylase

22
Q

The initial digestion _____ which occurs free in the lumen, whereas the final processes invole a-glucosidases and isomaltase, which are attached to the mucosal membrane of the ______

A

Amylase

Enterocyte

23
Q

Primary monosaccharides resulting from the digestion of dietary carbohydrates

A

Galactose (Na-dependent glucose transport)
Glucose (Na-dependent glucose transport)
Fructose (Na Independent facilitated transport)
–>Into Enterocyte at Mucosa membrane

24
Q
  • 90% of fat in diet
  • Degraded to fatty acids–act as surfactants
  • Remainder: Cholesterol, Cholesteryl ester, phospholipids, and non-esterfied fatty acids (NEFA)
A

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

25
Q

Initial change in physical nature of lipids occurs in

A

Stomach

26
Q

Core body temp within stomach helps _______dietary lipids

A

Liquefy

27
Q

Peristaltic movements (PNS) aid in the formation of

A

Lipid Emulsion

28
Q

Salivary and Gastic Lipases aid in

A

Emulsification

29
Q

______of Dietary fats are citical for digestion/absorption of lipids

A

Emulsification

30
Q

Bile salts and pancreatic enzymes are active in the

A

Duodenum

31
Q

_____are essential for solubilizing lipids during digestion

A

Bile Salts

32
Q

The fate of fatty acids entering enterocytes is dependent on their

A

chain length

33
Q

Medium and short-chain fatty acids____pass directly through the ______ cells into the _____ blood supply

A

<10
Epithelial cells
Hepatic Portal

34
Q

Fatty acids of more than ____ carbon atoms are bound to a fatty acid binding protein and transferred to the ______ of the enterocyte for resynthesis into _____

A

> 12
Rough ER
TAGs

35
Q

Fatty acid activation is accomplished by the production of acyl-CoA derivatives by

A

Acyl-CoA Synthase

36
Q

All long-chain fatty acids absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cell are thus reutilized to form TAG before being transferred to the lymphatic system as ______

A

Chylomicrons

37
Q

Large particles that transport exogenous lipids from the gut

A

Chylomicrons

38
Q

99% lipid, 1% protein
Assembled within enterocytes on Rough ER
Released into the intercellular space by exocytosis
Leave the intestine via the lymphatic system

A

Chylomicrons

39
Q

Total protein load received by the gut is

A

70-100g dietary protein per day
35-200g of endogenous protein
-secreted into gut (mostly enzymes)
-shed from epithelium as a result of cell turnover

40
Q

Absorption of protein is extremely efficient

A

1-2 g of nitrogen and 6-12 g of protein excreted daily. Low compared to intake

41
Q

Proteins are hydrolyzed by

A

Peptidases

42
Q

Protein absorption begins in the

A

Stomach

43
Q

Secreted HCL in stomach reduces the pH to ____ causing denaturation of dietary proteins

A

1-2 (more susceptible to protease activity)

44
Q

Zymogen/enzyme: Pepsinogen A
Activation: HCl
Substrate: Protein
EndProduct: Peptides

A

Stomach (Fundus)

45
Q

Zymogen/enzyme: Pepsinogen B
Activation: 1-2 autoactivation
Substrate: Protein
Endproduct: Peptides

A

Stomach (Pylorus)

46
Q

Trypsinogen
Chymo-Trypsinogen
Proelastase
Procarboxy-peptidases

A

Pancreas

47
Q

Aminopeptidase

Dipeptidases, Endopeptidases

A

Small Intestine

48
Q

3 sites of Protein Digestion and Absorption

A

Gastic (stomach), Pancreatic, Intestinal (small)

49
Q

Autoimmune disease characterized by malabsorption of nutrients due to changes in intestinal mucosa

Histologic changes are due to the interaction of pepsin/trypsin digested gluten, the principal protein of wheat, within the epithelium.

A

Celiac Disease

50
Q

No typical signs of Celiac Disease, what are general complaints

A

Intermittent diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Bloating

51
Q

Up to 89% of people with Celiac disease can exhibit dental enamel defects like:

A

Demarcated opacities
Undersized teeth
Yellowing
Grooves and/or pitting on one or more permanent teeth

52
Q

Changes in ______ may be the only sign for an otherwise symptomless Celiac disease

A

Permanent teeth

–>calcium and vitamin D deficiences lead to cavities

Digestion (1 decks)

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