Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis end product

A

Pyruvate ➡️ Lactate

Lactate Dehydrogenase

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2
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycolysis

A

Fructose 6 Phosphate ➡️ Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

Phosphofructokinase 1

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3
Q

Most important allosteric activator of PFK 1

A

Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate

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4
Q

Second messenger of Glucagon

A

cAMP

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5
Q

Second messenger of Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor

A

Tyrosine Kinase

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6
Q

Second messenger of Nitric Oxide and ANP

A

cGMP

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7
Q

Production of ATP in Glycolysis

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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8
Q

Production of ATP in Glycolysis

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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9
Q

ATP yield in Aerobic Glycolysis

A

Glycerophosphate Shuttle - 5

Malate Aspartate Shuttle - 7

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10
Q

ATP yield in Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

2

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11
Q

End Product of Aerobic Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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12
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

Glucose transporter in Liver and Pancreas

A

GLUT 2

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14
Q

Glucose transporter in Brain

A

GLUT 1 & 3

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15
Q

Glucose transporter in Muscle and Adipose

A

GLUT 4

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16
Q

Insulin stimulates glucose transporter

A

GLUT 4

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17
Q

2 enzymes for conversion of Glucose ➡️ Glucose 6 Phosphate

A

Hexokinase

Glucokinase

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18
Q

Found in RBCs where the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase is bypassed

A

1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate ➡️ 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase

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19
Q

Coenzymes of Pyruvate ➡️ Acetyl CoA

A
Thiamine pyrophosphate
FAD
NAD+
Coenzyme A
Lipoic Acid
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20
Q

Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate Kinase

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21
Q

Most common cause of Congenital Lactic Acidosis

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

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22
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

A

Kreb Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle / Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

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23
Q

Where does Kreb Cycle occur

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

Rate limiting step of Citric Acid Cyle

A

Isocitrate ➡️ a-ketoglutarate

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

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25
Q

2 steps in Citric Acid Cyle that produces CO2 and NADH

A

Isocitrate ➡️ a-Ketoglutarate

a-Ketoglutarate ➡️ Succinyl CoA

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26
Q

Step in Kreb Cycle that produces GTP by Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

Succinyl CoA ➡️ Succinate

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27
Q

Delivers acetyl CoA to the cytosol by fatty acid synthesis

A

Citrate via Citrate Shuttle

28
Q

Enzyme that maintains adequate concentration of oxaloacetate

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

29
Q

ATP Yield for Kreb Cycle

A

10

30
Q

Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in order to prevent hypoglycemia during fasting

A

Gluconeogenesis

31
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs in what organs and what part of the cell

A

Liver and Kidney

Mitochondria and Cytosol

32
Q

Rate Limiting step of Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate ➡️ Fructose 6 Phosphate

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase

33
Q

Cofactor of Carboxylases

A

Biotin

34
Q

Major storage of carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

35
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycogenesis

A

Elongation of Glycogen chains

Glycogen Synthase

36
Q

Protein that serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis when glycogen is completely depleted

A

Glycogenin

37
Q

What organs does Glycogenesis occur? What part of the cell?

A

Liver and Muscle

Cytosol

38
Q

Enzyme that forms new 1 ➡️ 6 bonds in glycogen

A

Branching enzyme

39
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycogenolysis

A

Shortening of glycogen chains

Glycogen phosphorylase

40
Q

Coenzyme of Glycogen phosphorylase

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate (Vit B6)

41
Q

Enzyme that removes branches

A

Debranching enzyme

42
Q

End product of glycogenolysis in muscles

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate

43
Q

End product of glycogenolysis in liver

A

Glucose

44
Q

Enzyme of lysosomal degradation of glycogen

A

Acid maltase or a (1 ➡️ 4) glucosidase

45
Q

Disease with deficiency in acid maltase

A

Pompe Disease

46
Q

Electron carriers used in Electron Transport Chain

A

NAD +

FAD

47
Q

Compunds that have same chemical formula

Ex: glucose, fructose, mannose

A

Isomers

48
Q

Differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom
Ex: mannose and glucose
Glucose and galactose

A

Epimers

49
Q

Structures that are mirror images

Ex: L-glucose and D-glucose

A

Stereoisomers / Enantiomers

50
Q

Can undergo interconversion without expenditure or need for enzymes in a process called mutarotation

A

Anomers

51
Q

A Glycogen Storage Disease with deficiency in glucose 6 phosphatase.
Manifestations: hypoglycemia, lacic acidosis, ketosis, hyperlipemia, increase glycogen in the liver and renal tubule cells

A

Ia. Von Gierke Disease

52
Q

Disease with deficiency of Debranching enzyme

Manifestations: increased limit dextrin, muscle weakness, hepatomegaly in infancy and fasting hypoglycemia

A

IIIa. Cori Disease

53
Q

Enzyme Deficiency in Anderson Disease

Manifestations: increased polysaccharide with few branch points, hepatosplenomegaly

A

Branching enzyme

54
Q

Deficiency in muscle phosphorylase with manifestations of poor exercise tolerance, muscle cramps and myoglobinuria

A

V. McArdle Syndrome

55
Q

Deficiency in Liver phosphorylase with hepatomegaly and mild hypoglycemia

A

VI. Hers Disease

56
Q

What enzyme deficiency causes cataracts, galactosemia and galactosuria with premature ovarian failure in females.

A

Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyl Transferase Deficiency

57
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Hereditary Fructose Intolerance wherein symptoms appear after weaning from milk.
Patients may present with profound hypoglycemia and vomiting after consumption of fructose or sucrose.

A

Aldolase B

58
Q

Patient presents with flatulence and diarrhea after ingestion of cheese, yogurts, fresh milk. What enzyme is deficient?

A

Lactase

59
Q

It is the main pathway for production of glucoronic and iduronic acid

A

Uronic acid pathway

60
Q

Essential Pentosuria presents with increased xylulose in the urine. What is the enzyme deficiency?

A

Xylulose Reductase

61
Q

Rate limiting step of Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate ➡️ 6 Phosphogluconate

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

62
Q

What is the enzyme in the First phase of Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

Glucose 6 Phosohate dehydrogenase

63
Q

Cofactor of Transketolases in the Second Phase of Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

Thiamine (B1)

64
Q

It is the most common disease producing enzyme abnormality in humans wherein it presents with hemolytic anemia after oxidative stress

A

G6PD Deficiency

65
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Chronic Granulomatous Disease?

It presents with severe, persistent, chronic pyogenic infections by catalase positive bacterias

A

NADPH oxidase