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PLE 2019 By Diane Malinao > Biochemistry: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis end product

A

Pyruvate ➡️ Lactate

Lactate Dehydrogenase

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2
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycolysis

A

Fructose 6 Phosphate ➡️ Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate

Phosphofructokinase 1

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3
Q

Most important allosteric activator of PFK 1

A

Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate

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4
Q

Second messenger of Glucagon

A

cAMP

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5
Q

Second messenger of Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor

A

Tyrosine Kinase

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6
Q

Second messenger of Nitric Oxide and ANP

A

cGMP

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7
Q

Production of ATP in Glycolysis

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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8
Q

Production of ATP in Glycolysis

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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9
Q

ATP yield in Aerobic Glycolysis

A

Glycerophosphate Shuttle - 5

Malate Aspartate Shuttle - 7

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10
Q

ATP yield in Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

2

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11
Q

End Product of Aerobic Glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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12
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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13
Q

Glucose transporter in Liver and Pancreas

A

GLUT 2

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14
Q

Glucose transporter in Brain

A

GLUT 1 & 3

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15
Q

Glucose transporter in Muscle and Adipose

A

GLUT 4

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16
Q

Insulin stimulates glucose transporter

A

GLUT 4

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17
Q

2 enzymes for conversion of Glucose ➡️ Glucose 6 Phosphate

A

Hexokinase

Glucokinase

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18
Q

Found in RBCs where the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase is bypassed

A

1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate ➡️ 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase

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19
Q

Coenzymes of Pyruvate ➡️ Acetyl CoA

A 
Thiamine pyrophosphate
FAD
NAD+
Coenzyme A
Lipoic Acid
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20
Q

Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate Kinase

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21
Q

Most common cause of Congenital Lactic Acidosis

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

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22
Q

Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

A

Kreb Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle / Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

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23
Q

Where does Kreb Cycle occur

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

Rate limiting step of Citric Acid Cyle

A

Isocitrate ➡️ a-ketoglutarate

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

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25
2 steps in Citric Acid Cyle that produces CO2 and NADH
Isocitrate ➡️ a-Ketoglutarate | a-Ketoglutarate ➡️ Succinyl CoA
26
Step in Kreb Cycle that produces GTP by Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Succinyl CoA ➡️ Succinate
27
Delivers acetyl CoA to the cytosol by fatty acid synthesis
Citrate via Citrate Shuttle
28
Enzyme that maintains adequate concentration of oxaloacetate
Pyruvate Carboxylase
29
ATP Yield for Kreb Cycle
10
30
Process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors in order to prevent hypoglycemia during fasting
Gluconeogenesis
31
Gluconeogenesis occurs in what organs and what part of the cell
Liver and Kidney | Mitochondria and Cytosol
32
Rate Limiting step of Gluconeogenesis
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate ➡️ Fructose 6 Phosphate | Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase
33
Cofactor of Carboxylases
Biotin
34
Major storage of carbohydrate in animals
Glycogen
35
Rate limiting step of Glycogenesis
Elongation of Glycogen chains | Glycogen Synthase
36
Protein that serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis when glycogen is completely depleted
Glycogenin
37
What organs does Glycogenesis occur? What part of the cell?
Liver and Muscle | Cytosol
38
Enzyme that forms new 1 ➡️ 6 bonds in glycogen
Branching enzyme
39
Rate limiting step of Glycogenolysis
Shortening of glycogen chains | Glycogen phosphorylase
40
Coenzyme of Glycogen phosphorylase
Pyridoxal Phosphate (Vit B6)
41
Enzyme that removes branches
Debranching enzyme
42
End product of glycogenolysis in muscles
Glucose 6 Phosphate
43
End product of glycogenolysis in liver
Glucose
44
Enzyme of lysosomal degradation of glycogen
Acid maltase or a (1 ➡️ 4) glucosidase
45
Disease with deficiency in acid maltase
Pompe Disease
46
Electron carriers used in Electron Transport Chain
NAD + | FAD
47
Compunds that have same chemical formula | Ex: glucose, fructose, mannose
Isomers
48
Differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom Ex: mannose and glucose Glucose and galactose
Epimers
49
Structures that are mirror images | Ex: L-glucose and D-glucose
Stereoisomers / Enantiomers
50
Can undergo interconversion without expenditure or need for enzymes in a process called mutarotation
Anomers
51
A Glycogen Storage Disease with deficiency in glucose 6 phosphatase. Manifestations: hypoglycemia, lacic acidosis, ketosis, hyperlipemia, increase glycogen in the liver and renal tubule cells
Ia. Von Gierke Disease
52
Disease with deficiency of Debranching enzyme | Manifestations: increased limit dextrin, muscle weakness, hepatomegaly in infancy and fasting hypoglycemia
IIIa. Cori Disease
53
Enzyme Deficiency in Anderson Disease | Manifestations: increased polysaccharide with few branch points, hepatosplenomegaly
Branching enzyme
54
Deficiency in muscle phosphorylase with manifestations of poor exercise tolerance, muscle cramps and myoglobinuria
V. McArdle Syndrome
55
Deficiency in Liver phosphorylase with hepatomegaly and mild hypoglycemia
VI. Hers Disease
56
What enzyme deficiency causes cataracts, galactosemia and galactosuria with premature ovarian failure in females.
Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyl Transferase Deficiency
57
What enzyme is deficient in Hereditary Fructose Intolerance wherein symptoms appear after weaning from milk. Patients may present with profound hypoglycemia and vomiting after consumption of fructose or sucrose.
Aldolase B
58
Patient presents with flatulence and diarrhea after ingestion of cheese, yogurts, fresh milk. What enzyme is deficient?
Lactase
59
It is the main pathway for production of glucoronic and iduronic acid
Uronic acid pathway
60
Essential Pentosuria presents with increased xylulose in the urine. What is the enzyme deficiency?
Xylulose Reductase
61
Rate limiting step of Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
Glucose 6 Phosphate ➡️ 6 Phosphogluconate | Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
62
What is the enzyme in the First phase of Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Glucose 6 Phosohate dehydrogenase
63
Cofactor of Transketolases in the Second Phase of Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Thiamine (B1)
64
It is the most common disease producing enzyme abnormality in humans wherein it presents with hemolytic anemia after oxidative stress
G6PD Deficiency
65
What enzyme is deficient in Chronic Granulomatous Disease? | It presents with severe, persistent, chronic pyogenic infections by catalase positive bacterias
NADPH oxidase

PLE 2019 By Diane Malinao (6 decks)

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