Biochemistry: Carbohydrates Flashcards
Anaerobic Glycolysis end product
Pyruvate ➡️ Lactate
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Rate limiting step of Glycolysis
Fructose 6 Phosphate ➡️ Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate
Phosphofructokinase 1
Most important allosteric activator of PFK 1
Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate
Second messenger of Glucagon
cAMP
Second messenger of Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor
Tyrosine Kinase
Second messenger of Nitric Oxide and ANP
cGMP
Production of ATP in Glycolysis
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Production of ATP in Glycolysis
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
ATP yield in Aerobic Glycolysis
Glycerophosphate Shuttle - 5
Malate Aspartate Shuttle - 7
ATP yield in Anaerobic Glycolysis
2
End Product of Aerobic Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Where does Glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
Glucose transporter in Liver and Pancreas
GLUT 2
Glucose transporter in Brain
GLUT 1 & 3
Glucose transporter in Muscle and Adipose
GLUT 4
Insulin stimulates glucose transporter
GLUT 4
2 enzymes for conversion of Glucose ➡️ Glucose 6 Phosphate
Hexokinase
Glucokinase
Found in RBCs where the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase is bypassed
1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate ➡️ 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase
Coenzymes of Pyruvate ➡️ Acetyl CoA
Thiamine pyrophosphate FAD NAD+ Coenzyme A Lipoic Acid
Most common enzyme defect in glycolysis
Pyruvate Kinase
Most common cause of Congenital Lactic Acidosis
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Final common pathway for the aerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Kreb Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle / Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Where does Kreb Cycle occur
Mitochondria
Rate limiting step of Citric Acid Cyle
Isocitrate ➡️ a-ketoglutarate
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
2 steps in Citric Acid Cyle that produces CO2 and NADH
Isocitrate ➡️ a-Ketoglutarate
a-Ketoglutarate ➡️ Succinyl CoA
Step in Kreb Cycle that produces GTP by Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Succinyl CoA ➡️ Succinate