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yr1 semester 2 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most abundent elements in living matter?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

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2
Q

How are molecules formed?

A

Atoms create chemical bonds which form interacts of the electrons with the same or different elements

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3
Q

What is a compound?

A

A molecule made up of atoms from at least 2 different elements

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4
Q

What are ions?

A

Molecules with an electrical charge

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5
Q

What are anions?

A

Anions are more stable with more electrons than protons so carry a negative charge

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6
Q

What are cations?

A

Cations are more stable with less electrons than protons so have a positive charge

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7
Q

What is a radical?

A

A group of atoms behaving as a unit in a number of compounds and is an ion with unpaired electrons

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8
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

When 2 substances mix and interact to form a new chemical e.g. burning

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9
Q

What is the principle of mass concervation and how is it related to chemical reactions?

A

Atoms are rearranged not, not lost or gained- in reversible reactions and reactions involving ions adhere to charge conservation; there is no net increase just redistribution

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10
Q

What is pH?

A

the concentration of protons/ H+ in a solution (1= acidic-high H+, 14=alkaline- low H+)

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11
Q

What are the major structures of a cell?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nuclear envelope, lysosome, nucleus, nucleolus, cytosol, chromatin, golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Secretion

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13
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Sysnthesis and storage

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14
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Production

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15
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Breakdown

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16
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

rRNA

17
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

DNA

18
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Energy production (ATP)

19
Q

The atomic number is an indicator of?

A

number of protons

20
Q

What is the unit of measurement for atomic mass?

A

Dalton/Amu

21
Q

What is metabolism and its processes?

A

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions occuring in a living organism or part of it
Metabolites undergo metabolic reactions to create a path way which change/liberate energy

22
Q

What effects factors in the metabolism of hydrolysis of urea?

A

Chemical thermodynamics-energy changes in chemical systems and are applied to living organisms in the study of bioenergetics

23
Q

What is free energy/ΔG?

A

Energy that is available to perform thermodynamic work at constant temperature, i.e., work mediated by thermal energy. Free energy is subject to irreversible loss in the course of such work.

24
Q

What is the formula for free energy?

A

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS

free energy= enthalpy - temperature entropy

25
Q

What is ΔH/enthalpy?

A

It is equal to the total bond energy/ energy required to break covalent bonds

26
Q

What is entropy/S?

A

Disorder or randomness- increases in a system that becomes more disordered, decreases in a system as it becomes more structured.
Many biological reactions result in an increase in order, thus an increase in S

27
Q

What affects the ΔG/free energy of a reaction?

A

Temperature, pressure, pH and initial amounts of reactants & products

28
Q

What is ΔG°’?

A

The standard free energy change of a reaction- value of the change in free energy under standard coditions during a reaction (25C, 1 atm pressure, pH 7)

29
Q

What What does this equation work out?

ΔG=ΔG + RT InQ=ΔG°’ + RT In (products/reactants)

A 
It estimates free energy changes for different temperaturesand initial concentrations 
R= gas constant (1.987 cal/degree/mol)
T= temperature
Q=initial ratio of product to reactants
Measured in kcal
30
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

ΔG<0 free energy of the products is lower than the reactants; a favoured reaction where energy is liberated for work- cycling downhill

31
Q

What is endergonic?

A

ΔG>0 free energy of products is higher than the reactants; unfavoured reaction where energy is used up- cycling up hill

32
Q

DEscribe ATP and reactions involving it

A

ATP is the energy currency for cells
ATP+H20⟺ADP+Pi+Hᐩ ΔG°1=-6.3 kcal.mol^-1
ATP+2H20⟺AMP+2Pi+H+ ΔG°1=-12kcal.mol^-1
Second one is very negative ΔG°1 so favoured thermodynamically and ATP referred to as a high energy compound

yr1 semester 2 (3 decks)

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