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Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

cell respiration

A

metabolic reactions and processes which take place in cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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2
Q

cells which perform cell respiration

A

all living cells

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3
Q

source of energy for cell respiration (in animals)

A

food

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4
Q

source of energy for cell respiration (in plants)

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

purpose of cell respiration

A

conversion of high-energy compounds (such as glucose) into low-energy molecules (such as ATP)

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6
Q

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

A

nucleid acid which functions as source of energy for cell processes

informally known as “currency of the cell”

most often produced by mitochondria during cell respiration

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7
Q

source of energy for cell processes

A

ATP

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8
Q

reason that carbohydrates and lipids cannot be used as source of energy for cell processes

A

energy from carbohydrates and lipids is too high for usage in cell processes (must be broken down into lower-energy molecules)

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9
Q

method of dissipation of energy from ATP

A

heat

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10
Q

efficiency of cell respiration

A

inefficient

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11
Q

efficiency of cellular use of ATP

A

inefficient

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12
Q

oxidation reaction

A

chemical reaction which involves the loss of electrons from an atom

often includes gain of oxygen atom or loss of hydrogen atom

causes atom to become more positive

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13
Q

reduction reaction

A

chemical reaction which involves the gain of electrons from an atom

often includes loss of oxygen atom or gain of hydrogen atom

causes atom to become more negative

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14
Q

redox reaction

reduction-oxidation reaction

A

chemical reaction wherein oxidation reaction and reduction reaction occur simultaneously

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15
Q

reason that oxidation reactions and reduction reactions are dependent upon each other

A

oxidation involves loss of electrons in 1 atom

reduction involves gain of electrons in another atom

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16
Q

effect of electron transfer in redox reactions

A

release of energy stored in organic molecules (used to make ATP)

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17
Q

catabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that bring about net release of energy by breaking down complex organic molecules

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18
Q

anabolic pathway

A

series of reactions that require energy to compose complex organic molecules

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19
Q

endergonic reaction

A

chemical reaction with a net loss of energy

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20
Q

exergonic reaction

A

chemical reaction with a net gain of energy

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21
Q

phosphorylation

A

attachment of phosphate group

endergonic reaction

destabilizes molecules (increases reactivity)

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22
Q

dephosphorylation

A

detatchment of phosphate group

exergonic reaction

stabilizes molecules (decreases reactivity)

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23
Q

significance of phosphorylation of ADP

A

converts ADP (which is stable) into ATP (which is reactive)

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24
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD

A

main electron carrier in cell respiration

transports electrons between reactions in redox reactions

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25
Q

NAD+

A

oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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26
Q

NADH

A

reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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27
Q

aerobic cell respiration

A

metabolic reactions and processes which require oxygen to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP

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28
Q

primary reaction site of aerobic cell respiration

A

mitochondrion

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29
Q

process of aerobic cell respiration

A

glycolysis

pyruvate oxidation

Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

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30
Q

chemical equation of aerobic cell respiration

A
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31
Q

glycolysis

A

catabolic pathway that converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 smaller pyruvate molecules

occurs in cytoplasm

anaerobic process

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32
Q

chemical formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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33
Q

activation energy of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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34
Q

total ATP yield of glycolysis

A

4 ATP

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35
Q

net yield from glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate molecules

2 ATP

2 NADH

2 hydrogen ions

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36
Q

chemical formula of pyruvate

A

CH3COCOO1-

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37
Q

pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate decarboxylation

link reaction

A

catabolic pathway that converts pyruvate into acetyl coenzyme A

occurs in mitochondrion

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38
Q

transport method of pyruvate from cytoplasm to mitochondion (and why)

A

active transport (because pyruvate is charged)

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39
Q

process of pyruvate oxidation

A

decarboxylation of pyruvate

connection between acetyl group and coenzyme A

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40
Q

net yield of decarboxylation of pyruvate

A

1 acetyl group

1 carbon dioxide molecule

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41
Q

chemical formula of acetyl group

A

CH3CO

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42
Q

chemical formula of carbon dioxide

A

CO2

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43
Q

enzyme required for pyruvate oxidation to occur

A

coenzyme A

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44
Q

coenzyme A

CoA

A

enzyme required for pyruvate oxidation to occur

joins with acetyl group to form acetyl coenzyme A

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45
Q

acetyl coenzyme A

acetyl-CoA

A

compound formed by pyruvate oxidation

composed of coenzyme A and acetyl group

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46
Q

net yield of pyruvate oxidation

A

1 acetyl coenzyme A molecule

1 NADH

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47
Q

Krebs cycle

citric acid cycle

A

metabolic pathway which releases stored energy through oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A

occurs in mitochondrion

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48
Q

process of Krebs cycle

A

combination of acetyl coenzyme A and oxaloacetate (formation of citric acid)

decarboxylation (release of 2 carbon dioxide molecules)

reduction of NAD+ into NADH

combination of ADP and Pi (formation of ATP)

reduction of FAD into FADH2

formation of oxaloacetate

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49
Q

net yield of Krebs cycle

A

4 carbon dioxide molecules

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH2

50
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

metabolic pathway that converts nutrients into ATP

occurs in mitochondrion

51
Q

efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (in comparison to fermentation)

A

highly efficient

52
Q

components of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

53
Q

electron transport chain

ETC

A

series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors (via redox reactions)

54
Q

functions of electron transport chain in cell respiration

A

transfer electrons across inner-mitochondrial membrane from NADH to oxygen

use proteins to transfer hydrogen ions across membrane of mitochondrial matrix

55
Q

chemical equation of oxidation of NADH in oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

chemical equation of reduction of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

final electron acceptor in electron transport chain

58
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane (down concentration gradient)

59
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme which creates ATP by combining ATP and Pi

60
Q

net yield of oxidative phosphorylation

A

approximately 28 ATP

1 water molecule

61
Q

anaerobic cell respiration

fermentation

A

metabolic reactions and processes which do not require oxygen to convert biochemical energy (found in nutrients) into ATP

62
Q

efficiency of anaerobic cell respiration

A

inefficient

63
Q

3 conditions under which anaerobic cell respiration occurs

A

need for short (but rapid) burst of ATP production

depletion of oxygen supplies in respiring cells

placement in environment which lacks oxygen

64
Q

anaerobic cell respiration which occurs in animal cells

A

lactic acid fermentation

65
Q

anaerobic cell respiration which occurs in plants and yeast cells

A

alcohol fermentation

66
Q

lactic acid fermentation

lactate fermentation

A

catabolic pathway which converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 lactate molecules

67
Q

process of lactic acid fermentation

68
Q

net yield of lactic acid fermentation

A

2 lactate molecules

2 ATP

69
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

catabolic pathway which converts 1 glucose molecule into 2 ethanol molecules

70
Q

process of alcohol fermentation

71
Q

net yield of alcohol fermentation

A

2 ethanol molecules

1 carbon dioxide molecule

2 ATP

72
Q

anaerobic organism

anaerobe

A

organism which does not require oxygen for growth

73
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

organism which does not require oxygen for growth

cannot survive in presence of oxygen

74
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

organism which does not require oxygen for growth

able to survive in presence of oxygen

75
Q

photosynthesis

A

conversion of light energy into chemical energy

occurs only in plant and algae organisms

76
Q

primary reaction site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

77
Q

chemical equation of photosynthesis

78
Q

chlorophyll

A

primary photosynthetic pigment in plant cells and algae cells

located within chloroplast

79
Q

chlorophyll a

A

photosynthetic pigment which converts solar energy into chemical energy

participates directly in light-dependent reactions

80
Q

chlorophyll b

A

photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

participates indirectly in light-dependent reactions

81
Q

carotenoid

A

photosynthetic pigment which broadens spectrum of colors which can be absorbed in photosynthesis

participates indirectly in light-dependent reactions

82
Q

2 main processes of photosynthesis

A

light-dependent reactions

light-independent reactions

83
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

chemical reactions of photosynthesis which use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH

84
Q

photosystem

A

integral proteins found within thylakoid membranes

large protein complexes and pigments which are optimized to harvest light

85
Q

photosystems in photosynthesis (in order of reactions)

A

photosystem II

photosystem I

86
Q

pair of chlorophyll molecules found in photosystem II

87
Q

pair of chlorophyll molecules found in photosystem I

88
Q

input of photosystem II

A

water molecules

light

89
Q

functions of photosystem II

A

absorb light

split water molecules

90
Q

output of photosystem II

A

plastoquinone

91
Q

input of cytochrome complex

A

plastoquinone

92
Q

cytochrome complex

cytochrome b6f complex

A

enzyme which catalyzes transfer of electrons from plastoquinone to plastocyanin

93
Q

output of cytochrome complex

A

plastocyanin

ATP

94
Q

input of photosystem I

A

plastocyanin

95
Q

function of photosystem I

A

transfer electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin

96
Q

output of photosystem I

A

ferredoxin

97
Q

input of NADP+ reductase

A

electrons from ferredoxin

NADP+

2 hydrogen ions

98
Q

function of NADP+ reductase

A

reduce NADP+ to NADPH

99
Q

output of NADP+ reductase

A

NADPH

1 hydrogen ion

100
Q

(Calvin cycle)

light-independent reactions

Calvin cycle

A

chemical reactions of photosynthesis which use carbon dioxide molecules into sugar

101
Q

(Calvin cycle)

3 phases of Calvin cycle

A

carbon fixation

reduction

RuBP regeneration

102
Q

ribulose biphosphate

RuBP

A

5-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

103
Q

ribulose biphosphate carboxylase

RuBisCO

A

enzyme which facilitates carboxylation of RuBP

used in carbon fixation

104
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

G3P

triose phosphate

TP

A

3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

used to create glucose molecules in Calvin cycle

105
Q

3-phosphoglycerate

3PG

A

3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

used as intermediate in Calvin cycle

conjugate acid of G3P

106
Q

1,3-biphosphoglycerate

1,3BPG

A

3-carbon sugar used in process of photosynthesis

used as intermediate in glycolysis and Calvin cycle

107
Q

(Calvin cycle)

carbon fixation

1st phase of Calvin cycle

A

carboxylation of RuBP

108
Q

(Calvin cycle)

input of carbon fixation

A

3 RuBP

3 carbon dioxide molecules

109
Q

(Calvin cycle)

steps of carbon fixation

A

RuBP is carboxylated using RuBisCO

unstable 6-carbon intermediate is formed

short-lived intermediate splits into 3PG

110
Q

(Calvin cycle)

output of carbon fixation

111
Q

(Calvin cycle)

reduction

2nd phase of Calvin cycle

A

conversion of 3PG into G3P

112
Q

(Calvin cycle)

input of reduction

A

6 3PG

6 ATP

6 NADPH

113
Q

(Calvin cycle)

steps of reduction

A

3PG gains another phosphate group (by converting ATP to ADP)

1,3BPG is formed

1,3BPG is reduced (by converting NADPH into NADP+ and Pi)

G3P is formed

G3P molecule is released to form glucose (or other sugar molecule)

114
Q

(Calvin cycle)

output of reduction

A

6 G3P

6 ADP

6 NADP+

6 Pi

115
Q

(Calvin cycle)

RuBP regeneration

third phase of Calvin cycle

A

conversion of G3P into RuBP

116
Q

(Calvin cycle)

input of RuBP regeneration

A

5 G3P

3 ATP

117
Q

(Calvin cycle)

steps of RuBP regeneration

A

G3P undergoes structural changes

gains another phosphate group (by converting ATP to ADP)

RuBP is formed

118
Q

(Calvin cycle)

output of RuBP regeneration

A

3 RuBP

3 ADP

119
Q

photorespiration

A

metabolic process wherein oxygen molecules replace carbon dioxide molecules in RuBisCO

wasteful of carbon dioxide molecules produced by photosynthesis

120
Q

limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

light intensity

temperature

carbon dioxide concentration

Biology 2 (5 decks)

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