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Biochemistry Flashcards

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SAT® Prep flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Proton (Charge, Mass and Location)

A

+, 1, nucleus

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1
Q

What does an atom consist of

A

Subatomic particles: protons, neurons and electrons

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2
Q

Neuron (Charge, Mass and Location)

A

Neutral, 1, nucleus

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3
Q

Electron (Charge, Mass and Location)

A

-, 0, outside nucleus

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4
Q

What charge is an atom in the elemental state?

A

Neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons

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5
Q

Why is Electron Configuration important?

A

It determines how a particular atom will react with atoms of other elements

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6
Q

Ground state

A

The electrons are in the lowest available energy level

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7
Q

Excited State

A

The state an atom reaches when it absorbs energy and the electrons move to a higher energy level

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that vary only in the number of neurons in the nucleus. Chemically identical.

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9
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Radioactive Isotopes

Emit particles and decay at a known rate: half-life

Used in medical diagnosis, treatment and research

Radioactive Iodine (I-131) used to diagnose and treat disease of the thyroid

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10
Q

Half-life

A

When the nuclei or radioisotopes emit particles and decay at a known rate. Help determine age of fossils/Earth. Also used for medical diagnosis, treatment and research. Radioactive carbon can be used as a tracer in carbon dioxide molecules to track metabolic pathways

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11
Q

How is a bond formed?

A

When two atomic nuclei attract the same electron(s). Energy is released when a bond is formed.

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12
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Bonds formed when electrons are transferred.

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13
Q

Anion

A

A Negatively charged ION, that gains electrons from an ionic bond.

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14
Q

Cation

A

A postively charged ion: An atom that loses an electron from an ionic bond

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15
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Bonds formed when atoms share electrons. Two types: Nonpolar and Polar.

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16
Q

Single Covalent Bond

A

Two atoms share one pair of electrons

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17
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

Two atoms share two pairs of electrons.

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18
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Electrons are shared equally and the bond is formed between any two atoms that are alike

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19
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons shared unequally and the bond is formed between two atoms that are unalike

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20
Q

Tracer

A

Combined with another substance and used to track metabolic pathways. (Radioactive carbon can be used as a tracer combined with carbon dioxide)

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21
Q

Intermolecular Attractions

A

Attractions between molecules

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22
Q

Polar-Polar Attraction

A

Two polar (unbalanced) molecules that form a strong bond (because of polarity)

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23
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

A weak bond between hydrogen and other elements. Keeps DNA strands bonded. allows water molecules to stick together, responsible for many characteristics of water

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24
Q

Nonpolar Molecule Attraction

A

Balanced and weak

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25
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water-hating, repelled by water

Usually nonpolar molecule

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26
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-liking, attracted to water

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27
Q

Polar Molecules

A

Opposite charges on opposite sides of the molecule, dissolves in water (hydrophilic), very strong bond between the molecules

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28
Q

Nonpolar Molecules

A

Same charge throughout the molecule, does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic), bonds between these molecules are weaker

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29
Q

Lipids

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic, organic compounds: fats, oils, waxes. monomer: 3 fatty acids, one glycerol. Polymer: lipids. 9 cals/gram

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30
Q

Characteristics of Water

A

Asymmetry, polarity, strong intermolecular attractions (because of its polarity) and hydrogen bonding

1) Has a high specific heat
2) Uses high amounts of heat to evaporate
3) Is adhesive
4) Is a universal solvent
5) Exhibits cohesion tension
6) Is denser than ice

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31
Q

Specific Heat

A

The amount of heat needed to be absorbed in order for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celcius

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32
Q

Adhesion

A

The clinging of one substance to another

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33
Q

Cohesion

A

The clinging of one substance to itself (polarity)

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34
Q

Transpirational-Pull Cohesion Tension

A

The phenomena where water can move up a tall tree (from roots to leaves) without using energy

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35
Q

pH

A

A measure of acidity or alkalinity by amount of hydrogen ions in a solution

0-7 acidic many H ions, = 7 is neutral, 7-14 alkaline/base few H ions

slight change in pH can be harmful

the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter

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36
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Compounds that contrain carbon

There are four classes: Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

37
Q

Buffers

A

Substances that resist change in pH, regulate pH levels in biological systems by absorbing or donating hydrogen ions (ex: bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) the buffer in the human blood)

38
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Chemical Formula: C6H12O6

Monomer of Carbs

ex: Galactose, Fructose, Glucose (picture)

39
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made of carbon, hydrogen and oyxgen

Supply quick energy (gives energy to the brain)

4 cals/1 gram burned

Three classes: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Monomer: monosaccharides

Polymer: polysaccharides

40
Q

Disaccharides

A

Chemical Formula: C12H22O11

two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

ex: Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose (picture)

41
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formular, but different strutures, so they have different physical and chemical properties

42
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process where a compound is broken down with the help of water (It occurs during digestion)

C12H22O11 + H2O –> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

43
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

The process where molecules join together and release water as a by-product

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 –> C12H22O11 + H2O

44
Q

Cellulose

A

Found in plants, makes up plant cell wall

45
Q

Polysaccharides

A

The polymer of carbs, four important ones: cellulose, starch, chition, glycogen

46
Q

Chitin

A

Found in animals, makes up the xoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of mushrooms

47
Q

Starch

A

Found in plants, storage house for carbs in plants

48
Q

Glycerol

A

Alcohol, monomer of lipids

49
Q

Glycogen

A

Found in animals, storage house for carbs in animals, stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in humans

50
Q

Saturated Fats

A

Generally come from animals, solid at room temperature (linked to heart disease), a single bond between the carbon atoms

51
Q

Fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain with a caboxyl group at one end. comes in two types: saturated and unsaturated

52
Q

Proteins

A

Complex macromolecules and responsible for growth and repair

4 cals/gram burned

Monomer: amino acids, polymer: polypeptides

Held together by peptide bonds

Elements: S - Sulfur, P - Phosphorus, C - Carbon, O - Oxygen, H - Hydrogen and N - Nitrogen

53
Q

Amino Acids

A

The monomer of proteins. Consists of a carboxyl group, amine group and a variable (R) group attached to a central carbon atom. The R group makes a protein unique (each protein has a different R group)

54
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

Come from plants, liquid at room temperature, double bond between the carbon atoms

55
Q

Lipid Functions

A

1) Energy storage
2) Structural (cell membrane)
3) Endocrine (hormones)

56
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

This structure results from the unique sequence of amino acids that make the protein chain

57
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

This structure results from the hydrogen bonding within the molecule (because of the helical nature of proteins)

58
Q

Dipeptide

A

A molecule consisting of 2 amino acids connected by a peptide bond

59
Q

Protein Structure

A

The function of a protein depends on the shape of the protein. The shape is determined by 4 levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

60
Q

Enzymes

A

Large proteins that speed up chemical reations by lowering the enrgy of activation Ea.

Named after the substrate with the suffix “-ase”

Assisted by cofators (minerals) and coenzymes (vitamins)

Properties: Specificity, reusability, sensitivity to pH and temperature (has a range of pH and temperature that it works optimally at)

Has an active site where the substrate goes

61
Q

Energy of Activation

A

The amount of energy needed to begin a chemical reaction

62
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

The 3D shape/conformation of the protein. This structure directly determines the function of the protein.

63
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

The structure of proteins with more than one polypeptide chain

64
Q

Active site

A

The part of an enzyme the substrate attachs to

65
Q

Cofactors

A

Minerals that aid enzymes

66
Q

Substrate

A

The chemical an enzyme works on

67
Q

Induced-fit Model

A

A model to describe how enzymes work: the substrate enters the active site causing the enzyme to change slightly in order to allow the substrate to fit better

68
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomer of nucleic acids. Consist of a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) and a nitrogenous base

69
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA & RNA, carry hereditary info, the polymer of nucleotides

70
Q

Prions

A

Infectious, misfolded proteins that cause brain diseases by infecting the other proteins in the brain and cause them to misfold also

71
Q

Coenzymes

A

Vitamins that aid enzymes

72
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine

73
Q

RNA

A

Sugar: Ribose. Nitrogenous Bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil

74
Q

DNA

A

Sugar: Deoxyribose. Nitrogenous Bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine

75
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Nitrogen containing base in nucleotides. Bases that help determine the amino acids formed. Two bases bond through hydrogen bonding

76
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine and uracil

77
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule of similar units attached in a series, forming a chain

78
Q

Denaturation

A

The process in which a protein’s conformational shape changes causing the protein to lose its function(usually by temperature or pH)

79
Q

Macromolecule

A

A single, large molecule formed by many smaller organic molecules (ex: lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbs)

80
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules made with the same atoms but have different structures.

81
Q

Van der Waals

A

The weakest attraction between nonpolar molecules (nonpolar covalent bonds)

82
Q

Fructose

A

A monosaccahride.

C6H12O6

[Add picture]

83
Q

Glucose

A

A monosaccahride used as raw material for cellular respiration

C6H12O6

[Add picture]

84
Q

Monomer

A

A single unit of stuff that makes up a polymer of that stuff

85
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The bond formed by dehydration synthesis between amino acids

86
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron (so it has a chrage either positive or negative)

87
Q

Acid

A

pH value of < 7 and rich in H ions

Donate H ions to solutions

They are highly reactive

88
Q

Base

A

pH of > 7 and has few H ions

Removes H ions from solutions

89
Q

Bond Energy

A

The amount of energy needed to break a bond. It’s requal to the amount of energy needed to form the bond

Bio SAT (2 decks)

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