Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3rd Year OSCE > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What would cause an increase in urea?

A

UGIB and dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What would cause an increase in urea and creatinine?

A

AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What biochemical changes are seen in reduced muscle mass?

A

low creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List causes of hyponatraemia.

A

nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, HF, SIADH, GI loss, diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List causes of hypernatraemia.

A

DI, primary aldosteronism, fluid loss without water replacement e.g. burns, D/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List causes of hypokalaemia.

A

diuretics, D/V, pyloric stenosis, Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List causes of hyperkalaemia.

A

drugs e.g. K+ sparing diuretics, ACEi, rhabdamyolysis, oliguric renal failure, Addison’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes an increase in bilirubin?

A

any acute or chronic Dx or Gilbert’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the LFT changes in hepatocellular pattern.

A

high AST high ALT high bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the LFT changes seen in cholestasis.

A

high AlkPhos high GGT high bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can albumin levels be used to detect whether a disease is acute or chronic?

A 
normal = acute
decreased = albumin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which LFT result is most closely related to alcohol excess?

A

elevated GGT (with normal AlkPhos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name some bone diseases that can cause elevation of AlkPhos.

A

fractures, Paget’s disease, osteomalacia, bony metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Following LFTs, what other investigations could you carry out?

A

liver US, liver biopsy, tumour markers including AFP, autoantibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Differentiate between TFTs of primary and secondary hyperthyroidism.

A

both have high T3/T4
primary = low TSH
secondary = high TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differentiate between TFTs of primary and secondary hypothyroidism.

A

both have low T3/T4
primary = high TSH
secondary = low TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List some causes of hypocalcaemia.

A

vit D deficiency, osteomalacia, CKD, hypoparathyroidism, acute rhabdomyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List some causes of hypercalcaemia.

A

malignancy, sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis, lithium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP are elevated in which autoimmune disease?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

20
Q

Anti-Sm and anti-dsDNA antibodies are present in which autoimmune disease?

A

SLE

21
Q 
Can you describe what each of the following virology results show?
HbsAg
anti-Hbs
anti-Hbc
HbeAg
A

HbsAg: acute (<6m) or chronic (>6m) infection
anti-Hbs: exposure or IMMUNISATION (-ve in chronic)
anti-Hbc: previous (or current) infection
- IgM anti-Hbc acute or <6m infection
- IgG anti-Hbc persists
HbeAg: marker of infectivity

22
Q

Which antibiotics are usually prescribed in uncomplicated lower UTI?

A

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin 3 days oral

23
Q

Which antibiotics are usually prescribed in uncomplicated upper UTI?

A

ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim 7 days oral

24
Q

Which antibiotic is usually prescribed in urinary sepsis?

A

IV gentamicin (max 3 days)

25
Q

Which antibiotics is not resistant to C. diff?

A

oral vancomycin

26
Q

What are the three most common pathogens causing bacterial meningitis?

A

N. meningitis, strep. pneumoniae, listeria monocytogenes

27
Q

What are the NHSGGS guidelines for antibiotic prescription in bacterial meningitis?

A

IV ceftriaxone
IV dexamethasone
+/- IV amoxicillin if ?listeria or 60+
+/- IV benpen if ?meningococcal septicaemia

28
Q

Portal hypertension causes ascites with SAAG > 11g/L. What are the different causes of portal hypertension?

A

prehepatic: portal vein thrombosis
hepatic: cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis
post-hepatic: right HF

29
Q

What causes ascities with low SAAG <11g/L?

A

intraabdominal malignancy, peritonal dialysis, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition, protein losing enteropathy

30
Q

What is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?

A

ascitic tap neutrophils > 250 cells/ul

31
Q

Which pathogen most commonly causes SBP?

A

E. coli -> IV cefotaxime

32
Q

Describe the CSF fluid analysis results if bacteria is present in terms of appearance, glucose, protein and WCC.

A

appearance: cloudy
glucose: low
protein: high
WCC: high neutrophil polymorphs

33
Q

Describe the CSF fluid analysis results if virus is present in terms of appearance, glucose, protein and WCC.

A

appearance: clear or cloudy
glucose 60-80% plasma glucose
protein: high
WCC: high lymphocytes

34
Q

Differentiate between the crystals seen in gout and pseudogout.

A

gout: negatively birefringent needle crystals
pseudogout: positively birefringent rhomboid crystals

35
Q

List some non-inflammatory causes of joint problems. What investigations would you want to carry out aside from joint aspirate?

A

OA, trauma
bloods: WCC, CRP normal
X-ray: LOSS in OA or # changes

36
Q

List some inflammatory causes of joint problems. What investigations would you want to carry out aside from joint aspirate?

A

RA, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, acute gout, pseudogout
bloods: high ESR, high CRP, high urate in gout
anti-CCP and RF in RA
X-ray: SOLE in RA

37
Q

What changes are seen in the X-ray of a joint with psoriatic arthritis?

A

joint erosions, joint space narrowing, bony proliferation, osteolysis (pencil in cup deformity)

38
Q

What changes are seen in the X-ray of a joint with pseudogout?

A

chondrocalcinosis

39
Q

What pathogens commonly cause septic arthritis?

A

S. aureus, Strep, N. gonorrhoea in young sexually active, E. coli in elderly and IVDU

40
Q

What investigations would you want to carry out in septic arthritis aside from joint aspirate?

A

bloods: high WCC, high CRP
blood and fluid cultures
X-ray

41
Q

List some causes of haemarthritis and the investigations would want to carry out alongside joint aspirate.

A

trauma, tumour, bleeding disorders
bloods: FBC (low Hb), coag studies
X-ray: #changes

42
Q

How would you differentiate between transudate and exudate pleural effusion?

A

pleural fluid analysis
protein < 30g/L = transudate
protein > 30g/L = exudate

43
Q

Give some examples of causes of transudate pleural effusion.

A

congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, severe hypoalbuminaemia

44
Q

Give some examples of causes of exudate pleural effusion.

A

malignancy, infection e.g. empyema due to bacterial pneumonia, trauma, PE, pulmonary infarction

45
Q

Describe Light’s criteria for the diagnosis of exudate pleural effusion.

A
  • pleural fluid protein:serum protein > 0.5
  • pleural fluid LDH:serum LDH > 0.6
  • pleural fluid LDH > 2/3rd upper limit of normal for serum value

3rd Year OSCE (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions