BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards
Chromatin Structure to fit into the nucleus
Beads on a string. Histone octamer to form a nucleosome
Gives positive and negative charges to DNA respectively
Phosphate (-) and Lysine and Arginine (+)
Does mitochondria utilize histones?
No. They have their own which is circular
Condensed, Transcriptionally inactive
Heterochromatin
Example of heterochromatin
Barr Bodies
Phase where DNA and histone synthesis occur?
S phase
Less condensed chromatin, transcriptionally active, sterically accessible
Euchromatin
Changes the expression of DNA segment without changing the sequence. Involved in genomic imprinting, x-chromosome inactivation, repression of transposable elements, aging, and carcinogenesis
DNA methylation
Within what gene promoter region does methylation repress gene transcription?
CpG
Usually causes reversible transcriptional suppression, but can also cause activation depending on location of methyl groups.
Histone methylation. (Histone Methylation Mostly Makes DNA Mute.
Allows transcription and relaxes DNA coiling.
Histone Acetylation
Components of nucleoside
Base + Deoxyribose (sugar)
Components of Nucleotide
Base + Deoxyribose + phosphate
Linkage of both nucleoside and nucleotide
3’-5’ phosphodiester bond
Number of rings for purine and pyrimidine respectively
2 and 1
Deamination of cytosine will form?
Uracil
Deamination of adenine will form?
Hypoxanthine
Deamination of guanine will form?
Xanthine
Deamination of 5-methylcytosine will form?
Thymine
Methylation of uracil makes what?
Thymine
Of the two base pair bonds, A-T and G-C, which is stronger?
G-C (3>2), higher G-C content, higher melting temperature of DNA.
Amino acids necessary for purine synthesis.
Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine
Inhibits both purine and pyrimidine synthesis by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase
Hydroxyurea
Inhibits purine synthesis by inhibiting de novo purine synthesis. Give its prodrug form also.
6-MP, 6-Mercaptourine (azathioprine)
Inhibit purine synthesis by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase.
Mycophenolate and ribavirin