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Bio 101 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When was insulin discovered

A

1921

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2
Q

what organ maintains blood glucose levels (BGL)

A

Pancreas

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3
Q

Glucagon function, structure, where is it produced

A

29 a.a ppt

a-cells produce glucagon in response to low BGL

INCREASES BGL:
- glycogen breakdown to glucose

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4
Q

What is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose called?

A

Glycogenolysis

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5
Q

Insulin function and structure, where is it produced?

A

51 a.a ppt

B-cells produce insulin in response to high BGL

DECREASES BGL:
- stimulates all body cells (except brain cells) to take up glucose and stores it as glycogen

Stimulate glycogen synthesis

Promote storage of fuel e.g glucose, muscle growth, fat

generally anabolic - needs ATP

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6
Q

What is the synthesis of new glucose called?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

where is GLUT2 found? what is its property

A

Pancreas B-cells, liver and gut

High Km (low affinity) glucose enters when conc. is high

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8
Q

How does pancreatic islet B-cells sense glucose

A

Glucose floods in against conc. by AT

Moves into mitochondria, produces ATP

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9
Q

Where does ATP produced by mitochondria go

A

ATP binds to K+ channel

depolarises cell

Promotes movement insulin containing vesicles to membrane surface, then secreted into blood

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10
Q

What two things stimulate insulin secretion

A

Arginine and glucose

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11
Q

Hyperglycaemic

A

excess glucose in blood, appears in urine

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12
Q

Nephropathy

A

Kidneys have:

  • Decreased function
  • Smaller size
  • High urine protein
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13
Q

Retinopathy

A

Elevated glucose results in uncontrolled uptake in some cells (epithelial cells of blood vessels)

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14
Q

Gangrene amputation

A

Tissue death due to lack of blood supply

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15
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Autoimmune

Insulin dependent

Can be caused by viral infections causing loss of B-cells

Loss of insulin production

Inject insulin for treatment

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16
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Non-insulin dependent, common in older, obesity and stress

Target cells decreasing response to insulin

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17
Q

Describe how glucose stays in blood in relation to mitochondria in pancreas

A

Too much glucose in blood
Too few mitochondria and overload

Mitochondria send free radicals to protect cell by decreasing GLUT

Thus blood glucose rises

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18
Q

How to treat Type 2 DM

A

High intensity exercise

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19
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Ketone bodies and glucose are the brain’s fuel

made in liver, exported in blood to brain

Diabetics and starving people smell like Acetone (nail polish removal)

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20
Q

How is Acetone produced from fat

A

Fat metabolised by mitochondria forming Acetyl-CoA

Then rearrange to form acetone

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21
Q

What causes ketoacidosis? (decrease in blood pH)

A

Acetoacetate

B-hydroxybutyrate

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22
Q

In what kind of people does ketoacidosis occur

A

Untreated Type 1 diabetics

alcoholics

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23
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells die when ATP stores decrease

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24
Q

Creatine Kinase

A

Takes ADP adds a phosphate group from creatine phosphate and produces ATP

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25
Q

Liver glycogen delivery

A

SLOW

26
Q

What has the most stored ATP in body

A

Adipose fat

27
Q

Why use Anaerobic pathways

A

FAST

Creatine Phosphate and glycogen are self-contained within cells

Oxygen dependent pathways dependent on transport of oxygen, this takes time, organ coordination and many reactions

28
Q

Adrenalin function in breakdown

A

Stimulates breakdown

glycogen –>
glucose-1-phosphate –>
glucose 6-phosphate

29
Q

What does the oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate produce

A

ATP via glycolytic pathway

30
Q

What is the major fuel for muscles in prolonged exercise

A

Fatty acids

31
Q

Hyrdocyanic acid (cyanide) poisons what complex in ETC

A

Complex 4

32
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants? equation? what is oxidised and reduced?

A

Chloroplast

6CO2 + 6H2O –> (light) glucose + O2

CO2 reduced
H2O oxidised

33
Q

Chromophores

A

Pigments that contain absorb visible light

Chlorophyll a and b

34
Q

Photosystem 1

A

waves

35
Q

Thylakoid membrane is impermeable to most ions and molecules EXCEPT what?

A

Mg and Cl-

36
Q

What rate to photosystems acquire electrons at?

A

100 photons/sec

37
Q

Quantum tunnelling

A

Flow of electrons through chloroplast

38
Q

What is the function of the Manganese (Mn) ions in PS2

A

there are 4 Mn ions that rip water apart, taking theres e-

39
Q

PS2

what occurs

A

absorbs light @ 680nm

light hits, electron excited passes energy then transferred to cytochrome complex

gives up protons to thylakoid space

40
Q

PS1

A

absrobs light @ 700nm

excites electron, travels down ETC

NADP reductase reduces NADP+ + H+ –> NADPH

NADPH removes 2H+ from stroma

41
Q

Non-cyclic phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP using electron flow from PS2 to PS1

42
Q

Light reactions

  • what they produce
  • what they drive
A

Produce NADPH and ATP which are used to drive Calvin Cycle

43
Q

Cytochrome complex

A

Transfers 4H+, these then drive ATP synthesis same way as in the mitochondria

44
Q

Q-cycle

A

Deals w/ single electrons and transfers H+

45
Q

How is proton gradient developed by:

A

Splitting of water –> released in thylakoid space

Cytochrome complex transfers 4H+ into thylakoid space

6H+ in total

46
Q

Chloroplast ATPase

A

14 c-ring subunits in plants

wheres mammal ATPase has only 8 subunits

Protein gradient ONLY as membrane is permeable to Mg2+ and Cl-, so Cl- moves to side where more H+

Very low pH 4

47
Q

Mitochondria ATPase and H pumping

A

Pump protons across, uses proton gradient and electrical gradient

pH= 6.5-7

48
Q

Difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts more reliant on pH (H+ gradient)

Chloroplast inner membranes are permeable to Cl- and Mg2+

49
Q

Why is there a larger difference required in chloroplasts than mitochondria

A

Only H+ gradient used in chloroplast

50
Q

What is reduced in mitochondria and chloroplast respectively

A

Oxygen as electron acceptor

NADP as electron acceptor

51
Q

Difference between how mitochondria and chloroplast add H+ adjacent membrane

A

Chloroplast PS2 adds H+ to thylakoid space through splitting H2O, mitochondria consumes O2

Mitochondria have actual H+ pumps- complex 1 and 3

52
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

4-5 um

Stroma contains
enzymes, dna, ribosomes, rna

Thylakoid stacks called grana

53
Q

Why have cyclic electron flow?

A

Produces ATP only (NO NADPH)

Some bacteria only have PS1

Mutant plants without cyclic flow still grow, but not in bright light

54
Q

Thylakoid lumen

A

Where the protons are pumped across membrane into lumen

55
Q

Stroma lamallae

A

Connect grana

56
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage in cytosol
Accessed rapidly, water insoluble, efficiently accessed

Large polymers don’t attract water as much as small glucose molecules and so don’t swell

57
Q

What releases glycogen

A

Liver (8-10% wet mass) and Kidney

Muscle (1-2%)- space in muscles low

58
Q

Glycogen structure

A

Degraded and built up from one end

a- 1,4 (straight) and 1,6 (branched)

59
Q

What does branching allow

A

rapid synthesis and degradation of glycogen and enzymes can work simultaneously at several ends

60
Q

Hexokinase and glucokinase

A

Hexokinase, has lower Km (high affinity)

Bio 101 (1 decks)

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