Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 101 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When was insulin discovered

A

1921

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what organ maintains blood glucose levels (BGL)

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Glucagon function, structure, where is it produced

A

29 a.a ppt

a-cells produce glucagon in response to low BGL

INCREASES BGL:
- glycogen breakdown to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose called?

A

Glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Insulin function and structure, where is it produced?

A

51 a.a ppt

B-cells produce insulin in response to high BGL

DECREASES BGL:
- stimulates all body cells (except brain cells) to take up glucose and stores it as glycogen

Stimulate glycogen synthesis

Promote storage of fuel e.g glucose, muscle growth, fat

generally anabolic - needs ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the synthesis of new glucose called?

A

Gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is GLUT2 found? what is its property

A

Pancreas B-cells, liver and gut

High Km (low affinity) glucose enters when conc. is high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does pancreatic islet B-cells sense glucose

A

Glucose floods in against conc. by AT

Moves into mitochondria, produces ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does ATP produced by mitochondria go

A

ATP binds to K+ channel

depolarises cell

Promotes movement insulin containing vesicles to membrane surface, then secreted into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What two things stimulate insulin secretion

A

Arginine and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hyperglycaemic

A

excess glucose in blood, appears in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nephropathy

A

Kidneys have:

  • Decreased function
  • Smaller size
  • High urine protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Retinopathy

A

Elevated glucose results in uncontrolled uptake in some cells (epithelial cells of blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gangrene amputation

A

Tissue death due to lack of blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Autoimmune

Insulin dependent

Can be caused by viral infections causing loss of B-cells

Loss of insulin production

Inject insulin for treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Non-insulin dependent, common in older, obesity and stress

Target cells decreasing response to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe how glucose stays in blood in relation to mitochondria in pancreas

A

Too much glucose in blood
Too few mitochondria and overload

Mitochondria send free radicals to protect cell by decreasing GLUT

Thus blood glucose rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How to treat Type 2 DM

A

High intensity exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Ketone bodies and glucose are the brain’s fuel

made in liver, exported in blood to brain

Diabetics and starving people smell like Acetone (nail polish removal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is Acetone produced from fat

A

Fat metabolised by mitochondria forming Acetyl-CoA

Then rearrange to form acetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes ketoacidosis? (decrease in blood pH)

A

Acetoacetate

B-hydroxybutyrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In what kind of people does ketoacidosis occur

A

Untreated Type 1 diabetics

alcoholics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells die when ATP stores decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Creatine Kinase

A

Takes ADP adds a phosphate group from creatine phosphate and produces ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Liver glycogen delivery

A

SLOW

26
Q

What has the most stored ATP in body

A

Adipose fat

27
Q

Why use Anaerobic pathways

A

FAST

Creatine Phosphate and glycogen are self-contained within cells

Oxygen dependent pathways dependent on transport of oxygen, this takes time, organ coordination and many reactions

28
Q

Adrenalin function in breakdown

A

Stimulates breakdown

glycogen –>
glucose-1-phosphate –>
glucose 6-phosphate

29
Q

What does the oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate produce

A

ATP via glycolytic pathway

30
Q

What is the major fuel for muscles in prolonged exercise

A

Fatty acids

31
Q

Hyrdocyanic acid (cyanide) poisons what complex in ETC

A

Complex 4

32
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants? equation? what is oxidised and reduced?

A

Chloroplast

6CO2 + 6H2O –> (light) glucose + O2

CO2 reduced
H2O oxidised

33
Q

Chromophores

A

Pigments that contain absorb visible light

Chlorophyll a and b

34
Q

Photosystem 1

A

waves

35
Q

Thylakoid membrane is impermeable to most ions and molecules EXCEPT what?

A

Mg and Cl-

36
Q

What rate to photosystems acquire electrons at?

A

100 photons/sec

37
Q

Quantum tunnelling

A

Flow of electrons through chloroplast

38
Q

What is the function of the Manganese (Mn) ions in PS2

A

there are 4 Mn ions that rip water apart, taking theres e-

39
Q

PS2

what occurs

A

absorbs light @ 680nm

light hits, electron excited passes energy then transferred to cytochrome complex

gives up protons to thylakoid space

40
Q

PS1

A

absrobs light @ 700nm

excites electron, travels down ETC

NADP reductase reduces NADP+ + H+ –> NADPH

NADPH removes 2H+ from stroma

41
Q

Non-cyclic phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP using electron flow from PS2 to PS1

42
Q

Light reactions

  • what they produce
  • what they drive
A

Produce NADPH and ATP which are used to drive Calvin Cycle

43
Q

Cytochrome complex

A

Transfers 4H+, these then drive ATP synthesis same way as in the mitochondria

44
Q

Q-cycle

A

Deals w/ single electrons and transfers H+

45
Q

How is proton gradient developed by:

A

Splitting of water –> released in thylakoid space

Cytochrome complex transfers 4H+ into thylakoid space

6H+ in total

46
Q

Chloroplast ATPase

A

14 c-ring subunits in plants

wheres mammal ATPase has only 8 subunits

Protein gradient ONLY as membrane is permeable to Mg2+ and Cl-, so Cl- moves to side where more H+

Very low pH 4

47
Q

Mitochondria ATPase and H pumping

A

Pump protons across, uses proton gradient and electrical gradient

pH= 6.5-7

48
Q

Difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Chloroplasts more reliant on pH (H+ gradient)

Chloroplast inner membranes are permeable to Cl- and Mg2+

49
Q

Why is there a larger difference required in chloroplasts than mitochondria

A

Only H+ gradient used in chloroplast

50
Q

What is reduced in mitochondria and chloroplast respectively

A

Oxygen as electron acceptor

NADP as electron acceptor

51
Q

Difference between how mitochondria and chloroplast add H+ adjacent membrane

A

Chloroplast PS2 adds H+ to thylakoid space through splitting H2O, mitochondria consumes O2

Mitochondria have actual H+ pumps- complex 1 and 3

52
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

4-5 um

Stroma contains
enzymes, dna, ribosomes, rna

Thylakoid stacks called grana

53
Q

Why have cyclic electron flow?

A

Produces ATP only (NO NADPH)

Some bacteria only have PS1

Mutant plants without cyclic flow still grow, but not in bright light

54
Q

Thylakoid lumen

A

Where the protons are pumped across membrane into lumen

55
Q

Stroma lamallae

A

Connect grana

56
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage in cytosol
Accessed rapidly, water insoluble, efficiently accessed

Large polymers don’t attract water as much as small glucose molecules and so don’t swell

57
Q

What releases glycogen

A

Liver (8-10% wet mass) and Kidney

Muscle (1-2%)- space in muscles low

58
Q

Glycogen structure

A

Degraded and built up from one end

a- 1,4 (straight) and 1,6 (branched)

59
Q

What does branching allow

A

rapid synthesis and degradation of glycogen and enzymes can work simultaneously at several ends

60
Q

Hexokinase and glucokinase

A

Hexokinase, has lower Km (high affinity)

Bio 101 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions