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Medicine For Engineers Part 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is that property of a system, especially a living organism, which regulates its internal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
  • Multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms, make homeostasis possible.
  • Means “unchanging” but dynamic - Balance, Equilibrium, Stability
  • Swedish: Jämvikt
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2
Q

Give examples of trade offs that are included in Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis

  • Body temperature
  • Nutrients
  • Oxygen levels
  • Water content
  • Salinity
  • pH Acid/Base
  • Energy
  • Blood glucose
  • Blood Pressure
  • Calcium
  • …
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3
Q

Explain the meaning of Feedback systems

A

Feedback systems

  • To keep homeostasis
  • On all levels from cells to organ systems
  • Nerves and endocrine systems
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4
Q

Describe basic chain of reactions for Feedback Systems

A

Basic chain of reactions for Feedback Systems

  1. Stimulus
  2. Monitoring/Receptors
  3. Control Center
  4. Action/Effectors
  5. Response
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5
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

Biochemistry

  • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms.
  • It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules.
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6
Q

Which are the main chemical elements in the human body?

A

Chemical elements in the human body

  • Oxygen - O - 65%
  • Carbon - C - 18.5%
  • Hydrogen - H - 9.5 %
  • Nitrogen - N - 3.2 %
  • Other - 3.8%

(Top five => 96%)

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7
Q

Which are the chemical elements included in the 3.8 % referred to as others?

A

Others…

  • Calcium - Ca - 1.5 %
  • Phosphor - P - 1 %
  • Potassium - K - 0.35 %
  • Sulfur - S - 0.25 %
  • Sodium - Na - 0.2 %
  • Chlorine - Cl - 0.2 %
  • Magnesium - Mg - 0.1 %
  • Iron - Fe - 0.005%
  • Trace elements - 0.2 %
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8
Q

Give example of trace elements and how large amount of the chemical elements they comprise.

A

Trace element is approximately 0.2% of the chemical elements

Examples:

  • Aluminium
  • Boron
  • Chromium
  • Cobalt
  • Zinc
  • Cobolt
  • Copper
  • Fluorine
  • Tin
  • Vanadium
  • Iodine
  • Manganese
  • Molybdenum
  • Selenium
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9
Q

Name a major classification of chemical compounds?

A

Inorganic and organic compunds

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10
Q

Give example of Inorganic compounds

A

Inorganic compounds

  1. Water
  2. Acid (ex. HCl)
  3. Bases (ex. KOH)
  4. Salt (ex. KCl)
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11
Q

Give examples of pH for Inorganic compounds

A

pH-levels for Inorganic compounds

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12
Q

Explain why and how Iodine deficiency appears

A

Iodine (I) deficiency

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13
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

Blood has a pH of 7.35-7.45

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14
Q

Give examples of Organic Compounds

A

Organic Compunds

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Proteins
  5. ATP
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15
Q

What is the main molecular form of Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates

Cn(H2O)n

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16
Q

What are the main classification of Carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates

  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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17
Q

Give examples of Monosaccharides

A

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides

  1. Glucose (energy source)
  2. Fructose
  3. Galactose
  4. Ribose (RNA)
  5. Deoxyribose (DNA)
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18
Q

Give examples of Disaccharides

A

Carbohydrates Dissacharides

  1. Sucrose (glucose, fructose)
  2. Maltose (glucose, glucose)
  3. Lactose (glucose, galactoes)
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19
Q

Explain Hypolactasia

A

Lactose intolerance - Hypolactasia

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20
Q

Give examples of Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate - Polysaccharides (40-3000)

  1. Glycogen (glucose)
  2. Starches (glucose)
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21
Q

What are the main chemical elements in lipids and name a special feature of lipids.

A

Lipids

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

Lipids have a hydrophobic property

22
Q

Name some main classification of Lipids

A

Lipids

  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids, Fatty acids, Vitamins, Eicosanoids
23
Q

Explain Triglycerides

A

Triglycerides

  • Fats and oils (solid or liquid at RT)
  • High Energy - Unlimited storage capacity
  • Glycerol Molecule + Three Fatty Acid molecules
  • The Fatty Acids may be:
    • Saturated
    • Monounsaturated
    • Polyunsaturated
24
Q

Give example of foods that contain Triglycerides and their main classification.

A

Triglycerides - Food

25
Q

Describe Phospholipids

A

Phospholipids - Lipids

  • Phosphate group + Non-polar tails
  • Play an important role in cell membranes
26
Q

Give three examples of arrangement of phospholipids in membranes

A

Phospholipids in membranes

27
Q

Briefly explain the structure of steroids.

Which are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Steroids

28
Q

Which are the Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleic Acids

  1. DNA
  2. RNA
29
Q

What is the composition of a nucleotide

A

Nucleotide

  1. Nitrogenous bases
  2. Deoxyribose
  3. Phosphate group (PO43-)
30
Q

Name the bases for DNA

A

Bases for DNA

  1. A = Adenine
  2. G = Guanine
  3. T = Thymine
  4. C = Cytosine
31
Q

Explain some brief properties of DNA

A

DNA

  1. Double stranded
  2. In nucleus - genetic information
  3. Gene - about 3000 nucleotides
  4. Replicates before cell division
  5. Basic instructions for building proteins
32
Q

Explain some brief properties of RNA

A

RNA

  1. Single stranded
  2. Outside nucleus
  3. Molecular slave of DNA
  4. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
33
Q

Give som examples of Protein functions

A

Protein functions

  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Transport
  4. Buffering
  5. Metabolic regulation - enzymes
  6. Coordination/Control - hormones
  7. Defense - Antibodies/clotting
34
Q

What is the basic structure of Proteins?

A

Proteins

35
Q

Explain formation of Proteins

A

Formation of Proteins

36
Q

How does the primary structure of Protein looks like?

A

Primary structure Protein

37
Q

Describe the secondary, tertiary and quatenary structure of Proteins

A

Proteins

38
Q

Which protein is affected by Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Sickle Cell Anemia - Hemoglobin

39
Q

What are the organical structure of ATP

A

ATP - Adenosine triphosphate

  • Adenosine (Adenine + Ribose) + three phosphate groups
  • (ADP = Adenosine + two phosphate groups)
40
Q

Explain the Energy transfer between ADP and ATP

A

ATP to ADP

41
Q

What are the main Transports across the plasma membrane?

A

Transport across the plasma membrane

  • Passive Transports
    • Diffusion
      • Simple diffusion
      • Facilitated diffusion
    • Osmosis
  • Active Transport
    • Primary Active Transport
    • Secondary Active Transport
  • Transport in Vesicles
42
Q

Explain Diffusion

A

Transport across the plasma membrane - Diffusion

Can be simple or facilitated

Occurs with O2, CO2, fatty acids, steroids, fat solulable vitamines ADEK

43
Q

Explain Simple Diffusion

A

Passive Transport - Simple Diffusion

44
Q

Explain Facilitated Diffusion

A

Passive Transport - Facilitated Diffusion

  • A membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane, down a concentration gradient. ex glucose, fructose, urea, vitamins
45
Q

Explain Osmosis

A

Passive transport - Osmosis

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two side

46
Q

Explain the terms Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic.

A

Passive Transport Osmosis

  • An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side
  • In a hypotonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is less than that of another solution or less than that of a cell.
  • In a hypertonic solution the total molar concentration of all dissolved solute particles is greater than that of another solution, or greater than the concentration in a cell.
47
Q

Explain Primary Active Transport

A

Primary Active Transport

  • Requires energy
  • 40% of the energy needs of a Cell (ATP)
  • Primary 1 foremost Ions Na+ K + H+ Ca2+ , Cl-
  • The Na+/K+ pump
  • Important for osmotic balance and electrical signals.
48
Q

Explain Secondary Active Transport

A

Secondary Active Transport

  • Secondary
  • Indirect use of energy
  • Antiport or symport
  • Amino acids, ions, glucose
49
Q

Explain Vesicular transport

A

Vesicular transport

  • Bud off a membrane, requires use of ATP
  • Endocytosis- fagocytosis/pinocytosis
  • Exocytosis
50
Q

Explain Endocytosis

A

Endocytosis

Endocytosis’ active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

  • Endocytosis - fagocytosis/pinocytosis
    • Fagocytosis – big particles eg. dead cells, bacteria, virus
    • Pinocytosis – Small particles
51
Q

Explain Exocytosis

A

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by expelling them in an energy-using process.

  • Waste or important products from the cell
  • Nerve cells
  • Secretory cells
52
Q
A

Medicine For Engineers Part 1 (6 decks)

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