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Health Science 20 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule with a positive and negative end.

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2
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

The atom has an uneven pull of electrons- oxygen is slightly negative/ hydrogen is slightly positive.

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3
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Attraction between opposing charges of different polar molecules.

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4
Q

Where do hydrogen bonds form in water molecules?

A

Waters surface tension comes from hydrogen bonds that cause water molecules to stick together at the hydrogen ends.

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5
Q

What are the three properties of water and what do they do?

A

High specific heat- water resists changes in temperature because the hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally high specific heat.
Cohesion- the attraction among molecules of a substance. Ex. Surface tension
Adhesion- the attraction among molecules of different substances. Ex. Glass (capillary action)

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6
Q

What is the difference between and solvent and solute?

A

The solvent is the substance present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance, whereas the solute is a substance that dissolves in a solution.

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7
Q

What types of substances dissolve easily in water?

A

Substances with polar molecules. Ex. Proteins, chloride, sugar, salt.

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8
Q

What types of substances do not dissolve easily in water?

A

Substances with non-polar molecules. Ex. Oils, fats.

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9
Q

What is acids and bases effect on hydrogen concentration in a solution and where do they stand on the pH scale?

A

Acid- releases H+ in water, below 7

Base- removes H+ in water, above 7

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10
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

System used for measuring how fast and how far blood sugar rises after you eat a food that contains carbohydrates.
Fast rising blood sugar-high glycemic index (closer to 100).
Slow rising blood sugar- low glycemic index.

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11
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Your body does not make enough insulin, so their cells cannot absorb sugar.

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12
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance causes both blood sugar and insulin levels to stay high long after eating.

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon.

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14
Q

Why do we need carbohydrates in our diet?

A

They provide us with the fuel we need for physical activity and for proper organ function. They are also the main source of immediate energy.

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15
Q

How are carbohydrates classified?

A

The size of the base carbon chain and the number of base sugar units.

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates, what are they made up of, and what are some examples?

A

Monosaccharides-one sugar molecule (glucose, galactose, fructose)
Disaccharides-two sugar molecules joined together (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Polysaccharides- chain of sugar units (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)

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17
Q

What is hydrolysis, what is the relation to H2O?

A

Body breaks down carbohydrates into single sugar units so they can enter the blood stream. Water molecules are added where each separation is made.

18
Q

What is dehydration synthesis, what is the relation to H2O?

A

Anabolic reaction where two molecules are chemically bonded together through the use of enzymes. One water molecule is lost for every bond.

19
Q

Why do we need lipids in our diet?

A

Major entertainment storage system and are needed to maintain healthy hair, skin and nails. They are also used to cushion organs and bones, insulate, make cell membranes, and make hormones and vitamins.

20
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

21
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated fats contain only single bonds between carbon atoms whereas unsaturated fats contain double bonds.

22
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Construction of steroids. Adds strength to cell membranes and other cellular activities.

23
Q

What are the types of lipids and what are they made up of?

A

Saturated fatty acids- no double bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated fatty acids- double bonds where there are less than two hydrogens per carbon
Triglycerides- glycerol and three fatty acids
Fats- triglycerides w/ saturated fatty acids
Oils- triglycerides w/ unsaturated fatty acids
Phospholipids- glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Steroids- four fused rings with various functional groups attached
Waxes- long fatty acid chain, long alcohol chain

24
Q

Why do we need proteins in our diet?

A

Essential for building, repairing, maintenance of cell structure.
Enzymes control chemical reactions in cell. Hemoglobin in RBC carries oxygen through blood stream. Hormones control level of sugar. Antibodies fight off diseases.

25
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.

26
Q

What are the types of proteins and what do they do for our body?

A

Animal proteins- complete proteins (contain all amino acids required).
Plant proteins- lack one or more of 8 essential amino acids but can be combined to provide full diet.

27
Q

What are “good fats”?

A

Unsaturated fat because they reduce blood cholesterol when they replace saturated fats in the diet.

28
Q

What are “bad” fats?

A

Saturated fats because they raise total blood cholesterol levels.

29
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Fats produced by heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen called hydrogenation.

30
Q

What is an HDL?

A

High density lipoprotein that’s carries cholesterol from the blood back to the liver.

31
Q

What is an LDL?

A

Low density lipoprotein that carries cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body.

32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things-mostly proteins.

33
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A

The substrates bind to active site on enzyme where the molecules are brought closer together for the reaction. Substrate bonds are stretched slightly out of position to weaken them. Reaction takes place and product is released. Enzyme takes original shape.

34
Q

What are some factors that effect enzymes?

A

Temperature, pH level, substrate levels, competitive inhibitors, feedback inhibitors.

35
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Larger molecules are broken down.

36
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Complex molecules are built up from smaller molecules.

37
Q

How many elements are essential to life and what are the main four?

A

25 elements. Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen.

38
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom that has a varied number of neutrons in the nucleus.

39
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The link between the living and non-living worlds.

40
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

Helps to maintain the pH of 8 by absorbing excess acid or base.

Health Science 20 (1 decks)

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