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Acupuncture 1 > BioChemistry > Flashcards

BioChemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Tyrosine makes:

A

dopa/dopamine, noepinephrine/epineprhine
T3/T4 (thyroxin)
Melanin

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2
Q

Trytophan makes

A

5-HT
Melatonin
niacin

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3
Q

Glutamate makes

A

GABA

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4
Q

Glycine makes

A

porphyrin, heme

Creatine (glycine + arginine

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5
Q

Histidine makes

A

histamina

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6
Q

You need What cofactor to make dopamine

A

vitamin C

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7
Q

You need what cofactor to make epinephrine?

A

SAM

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8
Q

What is an epimer?

A

an isomer that differs in only one carbon, one backbone carbon got shifted

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9
Q

What is a mirror image called?

A

An enatiomer

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10
Q

How many carbon are in a pyranose and give an example?

A

5 carbon ring, plus 1 oxygen

Glucose

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11
Q

What is an enatiomer of D-glucose?

A

L-glucose (un-absorbable)

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12
Q

Furanose?

A

4 carbon ring, 1 oxygen, fructose

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13
Q

What are three epimers of glucose?

A

alphaD glucose, mannose and galactose

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14
Q

Wha is the anomeric carbon?

A

a carbon atom that has 4 different ligans

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15
Q

What are the three reducing sugars?

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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16
Q

What is a non-reducing sugar?

A

sucrose

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17
Q

What is maltose made of and what is the bond?

A

glucose & glucose

alpha 1-4

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18
Q

What is lactose made of and what is its bond?

A

Galactose & glucose

beta 1-4

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19
Q

What is sucrose made of and what is its bond?

A

Glucose & fructose

alpha 1, beta 2

20
Q

What are glycogens bonds?

A

alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6

21
Q

What are cellulose bonds?

A

beta 1-4 (Can’t digest)

22
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

1,25 - OH (you’ll see col-calciferol)

23
Q

NAD+ is made of which vitamin?

A

B3 (niacin)

24
Q

CoA is made of which B vitamin?

A

B5 (pantothenate)

25
Q

Which vitamins are fat solube?

A

ADEK

26
Q

What does hexose kinase do?

A

it starts glycolysis by phosphorylating glucose to G6P

27
Q

What is the difference between Hexose Kinase and Glucokinase?

A

Glucokinase is in the liver, and has a low affinity for glucose but works when glucose in the blood is too high, it works fast (high capacity), it doesn’t stop working even when there is G6P.

Hexose kinase is in many places, it has a high affinity for glucose but works slowly and is stopped when G6P is too high

28
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

29
Q

When is glycolysis stimulated?

A

Fed state (just ate) - glucose is in the blood i want it to use it for ATP so insulin will be high to help

30
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of glycolysis?

A

PFK-1 our rate determining enzyme - if this step is reach it has to turn to pyruvate

31
Q

What is the difference between PFK1 and PFK2?

A

PFK2 is our stimulator of PFK1
if I have a bunch of F6P does not make PFK1 work faster so it goes to PFK2 and makes F26bisphosphate which can now stimulate PFK1

PFK2 gets upreg if you’ve just eaten a lot

PFK1 works on its own but PFK2 upregulates it

ATP shuts it down because you don’t need more energy

AMP, ADP are the energy starved molecules and promoted the creation or pyruvate

high citrate (krebs cycle) - don’t need more energy and high alanine don’t need more energy because i’m already on my way

32
Q

What is gluconeogenesis and when does it occur?

A

our process of creating glucose into the blood
Fasting state
reverse of glycolysis

33
Q

In glycolysis you have PFK1 turning F6P into F1,6bis, what enzyme do you have in gluconeogenesis?

A

F 1-6 bisphosphatase

34
Q

To reverse pyruvate you need?

A

pyruvate carboxylase, (to make oxaloacetate) PEP carboxykinase (to make phosphenolpyruvate)

35
Q

Where does glycogenesis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

36
Q

What bonds connect UDP-glucose molecules? Branches?

A

alpha 1,4 for UDP

alpha 1, 6 for branch points

37
Q

What molecule is produced when glycogen is degarded (glycogenolysis)?

A

you get glucose 1

38
Q

What is Pompe disease?

A

s a disease of glycogen storage is type 2 glycogen were you have a lack of alpha 1,4 glucokadase so you can’t break down glucose 1 phosphidase

39
Q

GLUT2 is used by

A

glucose and fructose in a fed state where insulin is high

40
Q

Glucose can leave the cell once it has become…

A

G6P

41
Q

When can fructose leave the cell?

A

never

42
Q

Fructose has an alpha 1 beta 2 bond and makes:

A

pyruvate and then fatty acids or ATP (you can get fatty liver

43
Q

Where is insulin released from?

A

in the fed state from pancreas beta cells

44
Q

Where is glucagon released from?

A

Pancreatic alpha cells

45
Q

Pyruvate becomes what in an aneraobic environment?

A

lactic acid, then acetyl cOA and then citric acid cycle and then electron transport chain

Acupuncture 1 (7 decks)

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