BioChemistry Flashcards
Tyrosine makes:
dopa/dopamine, noepinephrine/epineprhine
T3/T4 (thyroxin)
Melanin
Trytophan makes
5-HT
Melatonin
niacin
Glutamate makes
GABA
Glycine makes
porphyrin, heme
Creatine (glycine + arginine
Histidine makes
histamina
You need What cofactor to make dopamine
vitamin C
You need what cofactor to make epinephrine?
SAM
What is an epimer?
an isomer that differs in only one carbon, one backbone carbon got shifted
What is a mirror image called?
An enatiomer
How many carbon are in a pyranose and give an example?
5 carbon ring, plus 1 oxygen
Glucose
What is an enatiomer of D-glucose?
L-glucose (un-absorbable)
Furanose?
4 carbon ring, 1 oxygen, fructose
What are three epimers of glucose?
alphaD glucose, mannose and galactose
Wha is the anomeric carbon?
a carbon atom that has 4 different ligans
What are the three reducing sugars?
glucose, galactose and fructose
What is a non-reducing sugar?
sucrose
What is maltose made of and what is the bond?
glucose & glucose
alpha 1-4
What is lactose made of and what is its bond?
Galactose & glucose
beta 1-4
What is sucrose made of and what is its bond?
Glucose & fructose
alpha 1, beta 2
What are glycogens bonds?
alpha 1-4, alpha 1-6
What are cellulose bonds?
beta 1-4 (Can’t digest)
What is the active form of vitamin D?
1,25 - OH (you’ll see col-calciferol)
NAD+ is made of which vitamin?
B3 (niacin)
CoA is made of which B vitamin?
B5 (pantothenate)
Which vitamins are fat solube?
ADEK
What does hexose kinase do?
it starts glycolysis by phosphorylating glucose to G6P
What is the difference between Hexose Kinase and Glucokinase?
Glucokinase is in the liver, and has a low affinity for glucose but works when glucose in the blood is too high, it works fast (high capacity), it doesn’t stop working even when there is G6P.
Hexose kinase is in many places, it has a high affinity for glucose but works slowly and is stopped when G6P is too high
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
When is glycolysis stimulated?
Fed state (just ate) - glucose is in the blood i want it to use it for ATP so insulin will be high to help
What is the rate determining enzyme of glycolysis?
PFK-1 our rate determining enzyme - if this step is reach it has to turn to pyruvate
What is the difference between PFK1 and PFK2?
PFK2 is our stimulator of PFK1
if I have a bunch of F6P does not make PFK1 work faster so it goes to PFK2 and makes F26bisphosphate which can now stimulate PFK1
PFK2 gets upreg if you’ve just eaten a lot
PFK1 works on its own but PFK2 upregulates it
ATP shuts it down because you don’t need more energy
AMP, ADP are the energy starved molecules and promoted the creation or pyruvate
high citrate (krebs cycle) - don’t need more energy and high alanine don’t need more energy because i’m already on my way
What is gluconeogenesis and when does it occur?
our process of creating glucose into the blood
Fasting state
reverse of glycolysis
In glycolysis you have PFK1 turning F6P into F1,6bis, what enzyme do you have in gluconeogenesis?
F 1-6 bisphosphatase
To reverse pyruvate you need?
pyruvate carboxylase, (to make oxaloacetate) PEP carboxykinase (to make phosphenolpyruvate)
Where does glycogenesis occur?
Cytoplasm
What bonds connect UDP-glucose molecules? Branches?
alpha 1,4 for UDP
alpha 1, 6 for branch points
What molecule is produced when glycogen is degarded (glycogenolysis)?
you get glucose 1
What is Pompe disease?
s a disease of glycogen storage is type 2 glycogen were you have a lack of alpha 1,4 glucokadase so you can’t break down glucose 1 phosphidase
GLUT2 is used by
glucose and fructose in a fed state where insulin is high
Glucose can leave the cell once it has become…
G6P
When can fructose leave the cell?
never
Fructose has an alpha 1 beta 2 bond and makes:
pyruvate and then fatty acids or ATP (you can get fatty liver
Where is insulin released from?
in the fed state from pancreas beta cells
Where is glucagon released from?
Pancreatic alpha cells
Pyruvate becomes what in an aneraobic environment?
lactic acid, then acetyl cOA and then citric acid cycle and then electron transport chain
