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Module 2: MSK > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q
A

Acetone

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2
Q
A

Dihydroxy Acetone

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3
Q
A

Glyceraldehyde

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4
Q
A

Glycerate

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5
Q
A

Glyceric Acid

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6
Q
A

Glycerol

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7
Q
A

Hydroxy Acetone

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8
Q

Fill in the blank:

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate
  3. hexokinase/glucokinase (liver)
  4. ATP -> ADP
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9
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Glucose-6-phosphate
  2. Fructose-6-phosphate
  3. Phosphogluco-isomerase
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10
Q

Fill in the blank:

A
  1. Fructose-6-phosphate
  2. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  3. Phosphofrucktokinase-1
  4. ATP -> ADP
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11
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  3. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  4. aldolase
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12
Q

Fill in the blank:

A
  1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  3. triose phosphate isomerase
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13
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  2. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
  3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  4. NAD -> NADH, +Pi
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14
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  2. 3-Phosphoglycerate
  3. Phosphoglycerate kinase
  4. ADP –> ATP
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15
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. 3-Phosphoglycerate
  2. 2-phosphoglycerate
  3. Phosphoglycero-mutase
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16
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. 2-phosphoglycerate
  2. Phosphoenolpyruvate
  3. Enolase
  4. H2O
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17
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Phosphoenolpyruvate
  2. Pyruvate
  3. Pyruvate kinase
  4. ADP –> ATP
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18
Q

What are some causes of lactic acidosis?

A
  • Circulatory insufficiency
  • anemia
  • mitochondrial enzyme defects
  • Poisons (CN, CO)
  • cancer
  • ethanol intoxication
  • hepatic failure
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19
Q

Which glycolysis steps are irreversible?

A

Glucose –> Glucose -6-Phosphate
(Enzyme: hexokinase, glucokinase)

Fructose-6-phosphate –> Fructose-1,6-BP
(Enzyme: PFK-1)

Phosphoenol Pyruvate –> Pyruvate
(Enzyme: Pyruvate Kinase)

20
Q

What important molecules of metabolism CAN cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Malate
Aspartate
glutamate
alpha-ketoglutarate
pyruvate

21
Q

Why is the malate-aspartate shuttle important?
(where is it used?)

A

It is a shuttle system for electrons involving NAD+/NADH since NADH cannot cross the IMM

  • used mainly in liver, kidney, and heart
22
Q

Draw the Malate-aspartate shuttle

A
23
Q

What is the product of anearobic glycolysis?

A

Lactate

24
Q

What cells use lactate, what cells produce it?

A

Produce:
RBC
Working Muscle (esp. fast twitch)

Use:
Liver (precursor for gluconeogenesis)
Resting Muscle (as fuel)
Heart (as fuel)

25
Q

How is lactate produced?

A

Through anaerobic glycolysis:

Pyruvate + NADH –> Lactate + NAD+
(Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase)

26
Q

What is the ATP production for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

A
  • *Aerobic**: 30-32 ATP
  • *Anaerobic:** 2 ATP/glucose
27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to aerobic glycolysis?

A

More Efficient: Aerobic produces 15x more ATP than anaerobic

Less Powerful: aerobic is 30x slower than anaerobic

Anaerobic can result in lactic acidosis

28
Q

What is the anaerobic threshold?

A

Biochemical definition: aerobic system of working muscle is “maxed out”

Physiolgoical definition: level of exercise at which lactate begins to rise in the blood

29
Q

What tissues are dependent on anaerobic glycolysis?

A
  • RBC (no mitochondria)
  • WBC
  • Lens of the eye
  • Kidney medulla
  • exercising muscle
30
Q

How is lactate utilized in the body?

A

Through the Cori Cycle:

Resting muscle and heart use lactate as a fuel
Liver can convert lactate to glucose via gluconeogenesis

31
Q

How does glucokinase and hexokinase regulate glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase has a high affinity for hexoses and is able to remove glucose from the blood even at low blood-glucose levels
- inhibited by G6P

Glucokinase has a lower affinity for glucose and does not allow the “altruistic” liver to use glucose at low blood-glucose levels
- no product inhibition

32
Q

How is glycolysis regulated by phosphofructokinase?

A

PFK-1 is allosterically activated by:
F-2,6-BP (liver)
AMP (muscle)

PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by:
ATP (all tissues)
Citrate (all tissues)
H+ (all tissues)

33
Q

Explain the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

A
  • Enyzme that converts Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
  • Contains Three different enzymes:
    E1 = pyruvate dehydrogenase (contains Thiamine pyrophosphate)
    E2 = transacetylase (contains lipoic acid)
    E3 = dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (contains FAD)
34
Q

What makes production of Acetyl CoA from the PDH complex so irreversible?

A

Carbon dioxide is a product

  • since CO2 is promptly removed from the system through respiration, there is never enough built up to push the reaction to the left
35
Q

What regulates the PDH complex?

A

It is inactivated by phosphorylation (kinase)
The kinase is activated by a build-up of products:
Acetyl CoA and NADH
and Inactivated by a need for ATP:
ADP and Pyruvate

Activated by dephosphorylation (phosphatase)
The phosphatase is activated by Ca2+
- this makes sense b/c Ca is released while muslces are working and need more ATP

36
Q

What is Leigh Syndrome?

A

Neurodegenerative disorder (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy) caused by lactate build-up

  • Both acute and chronic killing of cells in the brain and spinal cord
  • pediatric onset 1-5yrs present with:
    Weakness
    Hypotonia (low muslce tone)
    ataxia (lack of muscle control)
    spasticity
    dyspnea (respiratory distresss)
    opthalmoglia (paralysis of ocular muscles)
  • ultimately lethal
  • Patients with E1 disorders can be treated with thiamine
37
Q

Draw the Citric Acid Cycle and label the Irreversible reactions

A
38
Q

What are the steps regulated in the TCA cycle?

A

1. Acetyl CoA –> Citrate
(Enzyme: Citrate Synthase)
Citrate negatively inhibits rxn

2. Isocitrate –> Alpha-ketoglutarate
(Enzyme: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase)
Inhibited by: NADH
Activated by: ADP and Ca+

3. Alpha-KG –> Succinyl CoA
(Enzyme: Alpha-KG dehydrogenase)
Inhibited by NADH and Ca+

4. Malate –> Oxaloacetate
(Enzyme: Malate Dehydrogenase)
Inhibited by NADH

39
Q

What are the complexes of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase

Complex II: Succinate Dehydrogenase

Complex III: Cytochrome bc1
(Cytochrome c reductaes)

Complex IV: Cytochrome oxidase
(Cytochrome aa3)

Complex V: ATP Synthase
(F1F0ATPase)

(NADH:Q reductase)

40
Q

name two saturated fatty acids

A

Palmatate C16:0

Stearate C18:0

41
Q

Name Two unsaturated fatty acids

A

Oleate C18:1

Linolate 18:2

42
Q

What does CPT I do?

A

Makes FA-CoA into FA-Carnatine so it can get into the mitochondrial matrix

43
Q

What does CPT II do?

A

Makes FA-carnitine back into FA-CoA so it can undergo ß-oxidation.

44
Q

How does FA-Carnatine get into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Carnatine-acetylcarnatine translocase

45
Q

What is generated from one ß-oxidation cycle?

A

1 NADH

1 FADH2

1 Acetyl CoA

+

Initial FA chain - 2 C’s

Module 2: MSK (11 decks)

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