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Module 2: MSK > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q
A

Acetone

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2
Q
A

Dihydroxy Acetone

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3
Q
A

Glyceraldehyde

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4
Q
A

Glycerate

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5
Q
A

Glyceric Acid

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6
Q
A

Glycerol

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7
Q
A

Hydroxy Acetone

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8
Q

Fill in the blank:

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate
  3. hexokinase/glucokinase (liver)
  4. ATP -> ADP
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9
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Glucose-6-phosphate
  2. Fructose-6-phosphate
  3. Phosphogluco-isomerase
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10
Q

Fill in the blank:

A
  1. Fructose-6-phosphate
  2. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  3. Phosphofrucktokinase-1
  4. ATP -> ADP
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11
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  3. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  4. aldolase
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12
Q

Fill in the blank:

A
  1. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  2. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  3. triose phosphate isomerase
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13
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
  2. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
  3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  4. NAD -> NADH, +Pi
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14
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
  2. 3-Phosphoglycerate
  3. Phosphoglycerate kinase
  4. ADP –> ATP
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15
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. 3-Phosphoglycerate
  2. 2-phosphoglycerate
  3. Phosphoglycero-mutase
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16
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. 2-phosphoglycerate
  2. Phosphoenolpyruvate
  3. Enolase
  4. H2O
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17
Q

Fill in the Blank:

A
  1. Phosphoenolpyruvate
  2. Pyruvate
  3. Pyruvate kinase
  4. ADP –> ATP
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18
Q

What are some causes of lactic acidosis?

A
  • Circulatory insufficiency
  • anemia
  • mitochondrial enzyme defects
  • Poisons (CN, CO)
  • cancer
  • ethanol intoxication
  • hepatic failure
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19
Q

Which glycolysis steps are irreversible?

A

Glucose –> Glucose -6-Phosphate
(Enzyme: hexokinase, glucokinase)

Fructose-6-phosphate –> Fructose-1,6-BP
(Enzyme: PFK-1)

Phosphoenol Pyruvate –> Pyruvate
(Enzyme: Pyruvate Kinase)

20
Q

What important molecules of metabolism CAN cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Malate
Aspartate
glutamate
alpha-ketoglutarate
pyruvate

21
Q

Why is the malate-aspartate shuttle important?
(where is it used?)

A

It is a shuttle system for electrons involving NAD+/NADH since NADH cannot cross the IMM

  • used mainly in liver, kidney, and heart
22
Q

Draw the Malate-aspartate shuttle

23
Q

What is the product of anearobic glycolysis?

24
Q

What cells use lactate, what cells produce it?

A

Produce:
RBC
Working Muscle (esp. fast twitch)

Use:
Liver (precursor for gluconeogenesis)
Resting Muscle (as fuel)
Heart (as fuel)

25
How is lactate produced?
Through anaerobic glycolysis: Pyruvate + NADH --\> Lactate + NAD+ (Enzyme: Lactate dehydrogenase)
26
What is the ATP production for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
* *Aerobic**: 30-32 ATP * *Anaerobic:** 2 ATP/glucose
27
What are the advantages and disadvantages to aerobic glycolysis?
More Efficient: Aerobic produces 15x more ATP than anaerobic Less Powerful: aerobic is 30x slower than anaerobic Anaerobic can result in lactic acidosis
28
What is the anaerobic threshold?
Biochemical definition: aerobic system of working muscle is "maxed out" Physiolgoical definition: level of exercise at which lactate begins to rise in the blood
29
What tissues are dependent on anaerobic glycolysis?
- RBC (no mitochondria) - WBC - Lens of the eye - Kidney medulla - exercising muscle
30
How is lactate utilized in the body?
Through the Cori Cycle: Resting muscle and heart use lactate as a fuel Liver can convert lactate to glucose via gluconeogenesis
31
How does glucokinase and hexokinase regulate glycolysis?
Hexokinase has a high affinity for hexoses and is able to remove glucose from the blood even at low blood-glucose levels - inhibited by G6P Glucokinase has a lower affinity for glucose and does not allow the "altruistic" liver to use glucose at low blood-glucose levels - no product inhibition
32
How is glycolysis regulated by phosphofructokinase?
PFK-1 is allosterically activated by: F-2,6-BP (liver) AMP (muscle) PFK-1 is allosterically inhibited by: ATP (all tissues) Citrate (all tissues) H+ (all tissues)
33
Explain the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
- Enyzme that converts Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA - Contains Three different enzymes: E1 = pyruvate dehydrogenase (contains Thiamine pyrophosphate) E2 = transacetylase (contains lipoic acid) E3 = dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (contains FAD)
34
What makes production of Acetyl CoA from the PDH complex so irreversible?
Carbon dioxide is a product - since CO2 is promptly removed from the system through respiration, there is never enough built up to push the reaction to the left
35
What regulates the PDH complex?
It is **inactivated by phosphorylation** (kinase) The **kinase** is activated by a build-up of products: Acetyl CoA and NADH and Inactivated by a need for ATP: ADP and Pyruvate Activated by dephosphorylation (phosphatase) The **phosphatase** is activated by Ca2+ - this makes sense b/c Ca is released while muslces are working and need more ATP
36
What is Leigh Syndrome?
Neurodegenerative disorder (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy) caused by lactate build-up - Both acute and chronic killing of cells in the brain and spinal cord - pediatric onset 1-5yrs present with: Weakness Hypotonia (low muslce tone) ataxia (lack of muscle control) spasticity dyspnea (respiratory distresss) opthalmoglia (paralysis of ocular muscles) - ultimately lethal - Patients with E1 disorders can be treated with thiamine
37
Draw the Citric Acid Cycle and label the Irreversible reactions
38
What are the steps regulated in the TCA cycle?
**1. Acetyl CoA --\> Citrate** (Enzyme: Citrate Synthase) Citrate negatively inhibits rxn **2. Isocitrate --\> Alpha-ketoglutarate** (Enzyme: Isocitrate Dehydrogenase) Inhibited by: NADH Activated by: ADP and Ca+ **3. Alpha-KG --\> Succinyl CoA** (Enzyme: Alpha-KG dehydrogenase) Inhibited by NADH and Ca+ **4. Malate --\> Oxaloacetate** (Enzyme: Malate Dehydrogenase) Inhibited by NADH
39
What are the complexes of oxidative phosphorylation?
Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase Complex II: Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex III: Cytochrome *bc1* (Cytochrome *c* reductaes) Complex IV: Cytochrome oxidase (Cytochrome *aa3*) Complex V: ATP Synthase (F1F0ATPase) | (NADH:Q reductase)
40
name two saturated fatty acids
Palmatate C16:0 Stearate C18:0
41
Name Two unsaturated fatty acids
Oleate C18:1 Linolate 18:2
42
What does CPT I do?
Makes FA-CoA into FA-Carnatine so it can get into the mitochondrial matrix
43
What does CPT II do?
Makes FA-carnitine back into FA-CoA so it can undergo ß-oxidation.
44
How does FA-Carnatine get into the mitochondrial matrix?
Carnatine-acetylcarnatine translocase
45
What is generated from one ß-oxidation cycle?
1 NADH 1 FADH2 1 Acetyl CoA + Initial FA chain - 2 C's

Module 2: MSK (11 decks)

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