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Biochemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

potential energy

A

The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

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1
Q

energy

A

The capacity to cause change-for example, by doing work.

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2
Q

radioactive isotope

A

unstable isotope-in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, emitting particles and energy

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3
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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4
Q

valence electrons

A

outermost electrons in an atom which dictate the chemical behavior of the atom

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5
Q

inert elements

A

elements that have a completed valence shell and therefore are chemically unreactive.

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6
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing of valance electron pair by two atoms

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7
Q

double bond

A

sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

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8
Q

electronegativity

A

attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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9
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons in a bond are shared equally

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10
Q

polar covalent bond

A

electrons in a chemical bond are not shared equally, giving the atoms in the bond a charge positive or negative

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11
Q

ionic bond

A

Chemical bond formed by atoms of opposite charges

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12
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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13
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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14
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

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15
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable atoms and molecules to stick to one another

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16
Q

amphipathic molecule

A

molecule with a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

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17
Q

six functions of membrane proteins

A

1) transport solutions across the membrane
2) enzymatic activity
3) signal transduction
4) cell to cell recognition
5) intercellular joining
6) attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix in order to maintain cell shape and stabilize location of certain membrane proteins

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18
Q

why carbon rocks

A

1) electron configuration gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements
2) valence electrons allow chains of infinite variety

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19
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

* major components of petroleum

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20
Q

four carbon skeleton variations

A

1) length
2) branching
3) double bond positioning
4) presence of rings

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21
Q

isomers

A

compounds with the same numbers of atoms of the same elements (molecular formula) but different structures and different properties

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22
Q

three types of isomers

Study These Flashcards
A

1) structural isomers
2) cis-trans isomers
3) enantiomers

23
Q

structural isomers

Study These Flashcards
A

covalent arrangements of atoms are different; they may also differ in the location of double bonds

24
cis-trans isomers (aka geometric isomers)
carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but arrangements of the atoms are different due to the inflexibility of double bonds
25
cis isomer
atom/atoms attached to a double bonded carbon are on the same side of the molecule
26
trans isomer
atom/s attached to a double-bonded carbon are on opposite sides of the molecule
27
Enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to an asymmetric carbon (example: methamphetamine: street drug is one enantiomer, the other treats nasal congestion)
28
functional groups
Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
29
seven chemical groups most important in biological processes
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, Amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl
30
hydroxyl group
—OH or HO— - hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen atom bonded to carbon skeleton - Compound name: alcohols - polar as a result of electrons spending time near the oxygen atom - can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, dissolving organic compounds
31
Carbonyl group
>CO - carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen atom - Compound name: ketones if group is within carbon skeleton, aldehydes if group is at the end of the carbon skeleton - Ketone and aldehyde groups also found in sugars
32
carboxyl group
—COOH - carboxylic acids aka organic acids - acts as an acid: can donate hydrogen atom because the covalent -OH bond is so polar
33
Amino group
—NH2 - nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton - amines - acts as a base: can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution - found in cells in the ionized form with the charge 1+
34
Sulfhydryl group
—SH or HS— - sulfur atom bonded to hydrogen atom - Thiols - two sulfhydryl groups can react forming a covalent bond aka cross-linking-help stabilize protein structure - cross linking of cysteines and hair proteins maintains curliness/straightness of hair
35
phosphate group
—OPO3-2 - phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, one oxygen bonded to carbon skeleton, two oxygens carry negative charges - organic phosphates - contributes negative charge to its molecule - molecules containing phosphate groups potentially react with water, releasing energy
36
methyl group
—CH3 - carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms - methylated compounds - addition of methyl group to DNA or to molecules bound to DNA affects the expression of genes - arrangement of methyl groups in sex hormones affects shape and function
37
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
organic phosphate that stores potential to react with water ; reaction releases energy to be used by the cell
38
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
39
polymer
Long molecule made of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
40
monomer
repeating units of a polymer; sometimes with independent functions
41
dehydration reaction/condensation reaction
covalent bond of monomers formed by shared loss of water molecule (-OH from one, -H from the other)
42
hydrolysis
reverse of dehydration reaction that breaks polymers apart
43
function of monosaccharides
major nutrients for cells: fuel for cellular work, carbon skeletons become raw material to make other organic molecules, unused sugar molecules become poly or disaccharides, can convey information
44
function of polysaccharides
Storage material, building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism
45
saturated fats/fatty acids
there are no double bonds between carbon atoms that compose a chain , as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton
46
unsaturated fats/ fatty acid
one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double bonded carbon
47
Function of enzymatic proteins
selective acceleration of chemical reactions | example: digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of bonds in food
48
function of storage proteins
Storage of amino acids | example: casein (milk protein) supplies amino acids for baby mammals
49
function of defensive proteins
protection against disease | example: antibodies
50
function of transport proteins
transport of substances | example: hemoglobin
51
function of hormonal protein
coordination of an organism's activities | example: insulin regulates blood sugar
52
function of receptor proteins
response of cell to chemical stimuli | example: receptors built into a nerve cell membrane detect signaling molecules from other nerve cells
53
function of contractile and motor proteins
movement | example: cilia and flagella
54
function of structural proteins
support | example: Keratin, collagen, elastin
55
Catabolic pathways
release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

Biology (3 decks)

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