Biochemistry Flashcards
Matter
takes up space and has ass
Atoms
neutrons, protons, and electrons
Molecules
groups of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bond (interactions between atoms)
Electronegativity
ability of atom to attract electrons
What does electronegativity effect
differing electronegativity effects what type of bond
High EN: electrons held close to nucleus
Ionic Bond
complete transfer of electrons from one atoms to another
- strong EN pulls away
difference of charge is created
Covalent
Share electrons
- similar ENs
Nonpolar Bond
equal sharing of electrons
Polar
unequal sharing of electrons due to EN, dipole created
Hydrogen Bond
weak bond that can form between molecules that have a hydrogen attached to a highly EN atom (F, O, or N) that is attracted to a negative charge on another molecule
Intramolecular
hydrogen bond within molecules
Intermolecular
hydrogen bond between molecules
Van der Waals Interactions
- weak, transient interaction
- attraction due to different distribution of electrons
LARGER MOLECULE, STRONGER THE INTERACTION
(many together, add up to a powerful force)
Water
- highly polar
- capable of H-bonding
- great solvent
- dipoles of H2O break up polar or charged ionic molecules (dissolve)
Hydration Shell
Water molecules surrounding ion (dissolve)
Heat Capacity
degree in which a substance changes temperature in response to gain/loss of heat
Water’s Heat Capacity
HIGH
- h2O stabile in response to outside temperature changes (temp stable)
- H2O has a high specific heat
Specific Heat
takes addition of a lot of heat before temp changes
Density of Water
- water expands as it freezes –> less dense than liquid
- H-bond becomes rigid and form crystal that keeps molecules separate
H2O Phase Diagram
- slope separating solid + liquid is negative
- unusual because ice is more dense
(usually as pressure increases, density increases)
Adhesion
H2O attracted to other substances due to its polarity
capillary actions
Capillary Actions
ability of liquid to flow without external forces
(caused by adhesion and cohesion)
Water Transport in Plants
TRANSPIRATION from leaves pulls h2o upward due to adhesion and cohesion
- adhesion between cell walls and h2o
- cohesion between h2o molecules
Micromolecules
vitamins and minerals
- body can’t make but essential to function
Minerals
inorganic ions
Functions
- bone development
- component of hemoglobin in RBCs
- establishing electrochemical gradients for muscle and nerve function
Vitamines
organic molecules
Categories: H2O soluble and fat-soluable
Water Soluble Vitamin
excess excreted in Urine
- B and C
Vitamin B
8 total
- coenzymes or precursor to coenzymes in metabolic processes
Vitamin C
- collagen synthesis (connective tissue formation)
- deficiency leads to scurvy
- Collagen with C is strong, healthy connective
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- deposited in body fat
- overconsumption leads to toxic levels
A, D, E, K
Vitamin A
- visual pigmentation (sight)
- epithelial maintenance (skin)
Vitamin D
bone health
- aids in Calcium and Phosphorus absorption
- synthesized by skin in presence of sun (UV)
Vitamin E
- antioxidant
neutralize free radicals
Vitamin K
blood clotting
Macromolecules
large polymers formed from bonding of smaller molecules (monomers)
CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS
- held together through covalent bonds
- water involved in reaction
Carbohydrates
macromolecules containing C, H, and O that form sugars, starches, and fibers
Primary Functions
- store energy, can also be structural
Carb Monomoer
monosaccharide
carb polymer
polysaccharide
carb bond
Glycosidic bond
3 Classes of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharide: single sugar molecules (glucose)
- Disaccharide: 2 sugar molecules joined by glycosidic linkage (maltose)
- Polysaccharides: series of connected monosac. (glycogen)
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose
Fructose and Glucose
Lactose
Glucose and Galactose
Alpha Glucose
OH group of C1 pointing below plane
Beta Glucose
OH group of C1 pointing above plane
What can our digestive system break down
only alpha glycosidic bonds
Starch
alpha glucose molecules
- stores Energy in plants
Glycogen
alpha glucose molecules
- stores energy in animals
Cellulose
beta glucose molecule
(linear)
- structural support (cell wall)
Chitin
beta glucose molecule (also contain N molecules)
- fungi cell walls and insect exoskeleton
Lipids
long hydrocarbon chains that form hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules
- not made of repeating units of monomers (every lipid monomer has different components)
Lipid Functions
- insulation
- energy storage
- structural
- endocrine molecules
Lipid Monomer
hydrocarbons
lipid polymer
hydrocarbon chain
lipid bond
covalant
types of lipids
1) Triglyceride
2) phospholipids
3) steroids
4) Porphyrins
Triglyceride
3 nonpolar fatty acids chain attached to a glycerol backbone
Fatty Acid
Long Carbon Chain
Saturated Fatty acid
- stack densely and form fat plaques
no double bond - bad for health
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Double bonds
Phospholipids
- polar glycerol head
- nonpolar fatty acid tail
Steroids
- 3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring
- hormones, cholesterol, vitamin D
Porphyrins
4 joined pyrrole rings with metal atom in center
Hemoglobin: Fe in center
Chlorophyll: Mg in center
Cell Membrane Fluidity
Hot: too fluid
cold: too rigit
Prevent Cole Rigidity
cholesterol functions add space
- more unsaturated
Prevent Hot Fluidity
cholesterol restrict movement
- saturated fatty acids
Proteins
polymer that form polypeptides
protein monomer
amino acide
protein polymer
peptide
bond
peptide bond
Protein Functions
- structural and mechanical
- act as enzymes
- fluid balance
- hormones
- antibodies
- transport - regulate acid-base balance
- channels and pumps
- storage
what is protein functioned determined by
overall shape (3D)
Primary Structure
- sequence of AA connected by peptide bonds
- determined by sequence of mRNA
Secondary Structure
- 3D shaped resulting from HYDROGEN BONDING between amino and carboxylic groups on adjacent AA
Tertiary
3D folding pattern of a protein due to noncovalent side chain interactions between amino acid R group
Quaternary
protein consisting of more than one AA chain
Protein Denaturation
When 3D strucute and native shape of a protein is lost
reverts to primary
Denaturing AGents
temp, pH, salt concentratioins, UV light, and chemicals
Nucleic acids functions
store, transmit, and express genetic info
Nucleic acids monomer
nucleotide
Nucleic acids polymer
nucleic acid
Nucleic acids bond
phospohdiester
difference between DNA and RNA structure
On C2, RNA has OH not just H
U instead of T
single stranded
Base Paid
2 nucleotides bonded together on opposite strands of DNA
Purines
Adenine
guanine
Pyrimidines
cytosine, uracil, thymine
Structure of DNA (2 things)
antiparallel and complementary
Structure of DNA
- chain nucleotides on same strand linked by covalent phosphodiester bonds (P to c5)
“backbone of DNA”
how are strands connected
opposite strands connected by weak H-bonds
2 H bonds between A and T
3 H bonds between G and C
Higher G and C bonds …
higher melting temp since they have more bonds to be broken
Chargaff’s Rule
purines = # pyrimidines
Structure of RNA
- polymer of nucleotides containing ribose
T –> U
single strange
Nucleoside
no phosphate group o
