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DAT Biology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

takes up space and has ass

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2
Q

Atoms

A

neutrons, protons, and electrons

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3
Q

Molecules

A

groups of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bond (interactions between atoms)

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4
Q

Electronegativity

A

ability of atom to attract electrons

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5
Q

What does electronegativity effect

A

differing electronegativity effects what type of bond
High EN: electrons held close to nucleus

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6
Q

Ionic Bond

A

complete transfer of electrons from one atoms to another
- strong EN pulls away
difference of charge is created

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7
Q

Covalent

A

Share electrons
- similar ENs

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8
Q

Nonpolar Bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

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9
Q

Polar

A

unequal sharing of electrons due to EN, dipole created

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10
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

weak bond that can form between molecules that have a hydrogen attached to a highly EN atom (F, O, or N) that is attracted to a negative charge on another molecule

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11
Q

Intramolecular

A

hydrogen bond within molecules

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12
Q

Intermolecular

A

hydrogen bond between molecules

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13
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A
  • weak, transient interaction
  • attraction due to different distribution of electrons
    LARGER MOLECULE, STRONGER THE INTERACTION
    (many together, add up to a powerful force)
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14
Q

Water

A
  • highly polar
  • capable of H-bonding
  • great solvent
  • dipoles of H2O break up polar or charged ionic molecules (dissolve)
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15
Q

Hydration Shell

A

Water molecules surrounding ion (dissolve)

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16
Q

Heat Capacity

A

degree in which a substance changes temperature in response to gain/loss of heat

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17
Q

Water’s Heat Capacity

A

HIGH
- h2O stabile in response to outside temperature changes (temp stable)
- H2O has a high specific heat

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18
Q

Specific Heat

A

takes addition of a lot of heat before temp changes

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19
Q

Density of Water

A
  • water expands as it freezes –> less dense than liquid
  • H-bond becomes rigid and form crystal that keeps molecules separate
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20
Q

H2O Phase Diagram

A
  • slope separating solid + liquid is negative
  • unusual because ice is more dense
    (usually as pressure increases, density increases)
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21
Q

Adhesion

A

H2O attracted to other substances due to its polarity

capillary actions

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22
Q

Capillary Actions

A

ability of liquid to flow without external forces

(caused by adhesion and cohesion)

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23
Q

Water Transport in Plants

A

TRANSPIRATION from leaves pulls h2o upward due to adhesion and cohesion
- adhesion between cell walls and h2o
- cohesion between h2o molecules

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24
Q

Micromolecules

A

vitamins and minerals
- body can’t make but essential to function

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25
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic ions

Functions
- bone development
- component of hemoglobin in RBCs
- establishing electrochemical gradients for muscle and nerve function

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26
Q

Vitamines

A

organic molecules
Categories: H2O soluble and fat-soluable

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27
Q

Water Soluble Vitamin

A

excess excreted in Urine
- B and C

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28
Q

Vitamin B

A

8 total
- coenzymes or precursor to coenzymes in metabolic processes

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29
Q

Vitamin C

A
  • collagen synthesis (connective tissue formation)
  • deficiency leads to scurvy
  • Collagen with C is strong, healthy connective
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30
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A
  • deposited in body fat
  • overconsumption leads to toxic levels
    A, D, E, K
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31
Q

Vitamin A

A
  • visual pigmentation (sight)
  • epithelial maintenance (skin)
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32
Q

Vitamin D

A

bone health
- aids in Calcium and Phosphorus absorption
- synthesized by skin in presence of sun (UV)

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33
Q

Vitamin E

A
  • antioxidant
    neutralize free radicals
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34
Q

Vitamin K

A

blood clotting

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35
Q

Macromolecules

A

large polymers formed from bonding of smaller molecules (monomers)
CARBS, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, NUCLEIC ACIDS
- held together through covalent bonds
- water involved in reaction

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36
Q

Carbohydrates

A

macromolecules containing C, H, and O that form sugars, starches, and fibers
Primary Functions
- store energy, can also be structural

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37
Q

Carb Monomoer

A

monosaccharide

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38
Q

carb polymer

A

polysaccharide

39
Q

carb bond

A

Glycosidic bond

40
Q

3 Classes of Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccharide: single sugar molecules (glucose)
  • Disaccharide: 2 sugar molecules joined by glycosidic linkage (maltose)
  • Polysaccharides: series of connected monosac. (glycogen)
41
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

42
Q

Sucrose

A

Fructose and Glucose

43
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose and Galactose

44
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

OH group of C1 pointing below plane

45
Q

Beta Glucose

A

OH group of C1 pointing above plane

46
Q

What can our digestive system break down

A

only alpha glycosidic bonds

47
Q

Starch

A

alpha glucose molecules
- stores Energy in plants

48
Q

Glycogen

A

alpha glucose molecules
- stores energy in animals

49
Q

Cellulose

A

beta glucose molecule
(linear)
- structural support (cell wall)

50
Q

Chitin

A

beta glucose molecule (also contain N molecules)
- fungi cell walls and insect exoskeleton

51
Q

Lipids

A

long hydrocarbon chains that form hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules
- not made of repeating units of monomers (every lipid monomer has different components)

52
Q

Lipid Functions

A
  • insulation
  • energy storage
  • structural
  • endocrine molecules
53
Q

Lipid Monomer

A

hydrocarbons

54
Q

lipid polymer

A

hydrocarbon chain

55
Q

lipid bond

A

covalant

56
Q

types of lipids

A

1) Triglyceride
2) phospholipids
3) steroids
4) Porphyrins

57
Q

Triglyceride

A

3 nonpolar fatty acids chain attached to a glycerol backbone

58
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Long Carbon Chain

59
Q

Saturated Fatty acid

A
  • stack densely and form fat plaques
    no double bond
  • bad for health
60
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Double bonds

61
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • polar glycerol head
  • nonpolar fatty acid tail
62
Q

Steroids

A
  • 3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring
  • hormones, cholesterol, vitamin D
63
Q

Porphyrins

A

4 joined pyrrole rings with metal atom in center
Hemoglobin: Fe in center
Chlorophyll: Mg in center

64
Q

Cell Membrane Fluidity

A

Hot: too fluid
cold: too rigit

65
Q

Prevent Cole Rigidity

A

cholesterol functions add space
- more unsaturated

66
Q

Prevent Hot Fluidity

A

cholesterol restrict movement
- saturated fatty acids

67
Q

Proteins

A

polymer that form polypeptides

68
Q

protein monomer

A

amino acide

69
Q

protein polymer

A

peptide

70
Q

bond

A

peptide bond

71
Q

Protein Functions

A
  • structural and mechanical
  • act as enzymes
  • fluid balance
  • hormones
  • antibodies
  • transport - regulate acid-base balance
  • channels and pumps
  • storage
72
Q

what is protein functioned determined by

A

overall shape (3D)

73
Q

Primary Structure

A
  • sequence of AA connected by peptide bonds
  • determined by sequence of mRNA
74
Q

Secondary Structure

A
  • 3D shaped resulting from HYDROGEN BONDING between amino and carboxylic groups on adjacent AA
75
Q

Tertiary

A

3D folding pattern of a protein due to noncovalent side chain interactions between amino acid R group

76
Q

Quaternary

A

protein consisting of more than one AA chain

77
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

When 3D strucute and native shape of a protein is lost
reverts to primary

78
Q

Denaturing AGents

A

temp, pH, salt concentratioins, UV light, and chemicals

79
Q

Nucleic acids functions

A

store, transmit, and express genetic info

80
Q

Nucleic acids monomer

A

nucleotide

81
Q

Nucleic acids polymer

A

nucleic acid

82
Q

Nucleic acids bond

A

phospohdiester

83
Q

difference between DNA and RNA structure

A

On C2, RNA has OH not just H
U instead of T
single stranded

84
Q

Base Paid

A

2 nucleotides bonded together on opposite strands of DNA

85
Q

Purines

A

Adenine
guanine

86
Q

Pyrimidines

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

87
Q

Structure of DNA (2 things)

A

antiparallel and complementary

88
Q

Structure of DNA

A
  • chain nucleotides on same strand linked by covalent phosphodiester bonds (P to c5)
    “backbone of DNA”
89
Q

how are strands connected

A

opposite strands connected by weak H-bonds
2 H bonds between A and T
3 H bonds between G and C

90
Q

Higher G and C bonds …

A

higher melting temp since they have more bonds to be broken

91
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

purines = # pyrimidines

92
Q

Structure of RNA

A
  • polymer of nucleotides containing ribose
    T –> U
    single strange
93
Q

Nucleoside

A

no phosphate group o

DAT Biology (1 decks)

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