Biochemistry Flashcards
macromolecule
biomolecule. A VERY large molecule
organic
contains carbon(and hydrogen) and found in living things (exception: CO2)
inorganic
doesn’t contain carbon
elements in carbs
a 1:2:1 ratio of C H O
chemical composition of monosaccharides
C6 H12 O6
examples of monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
chemical composition of disaccharides
C12 H22 O11
what are disaccharides
2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
examples of disaccharides
sucrose sugar and lactose sugar
what are polysaccharides
lots of monosaccharides covalently bonded. complex carbs
examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
what are monosaccharides and disaccharides examples of?
simple sugars
what is starch
energy storage in plants
what is glycogen
energy storage in animal muscles and liver
what is cellulose
“fiber”, used in plant cell walls
what is chitin
used in fungi cell walls and exoskeletons
what do most names for sugars end in
-ose
a sugar can become polar if …
there is lots of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in it
what are the 4 main types of biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
what elements are biomolecules mostly made up of
HONCPS
Why is carbon the most important element in biomolecules?
biomolecules are carbon based molecules
where is hydroxyl found
alcohol and sugars
what is the general structure of hydroxyl
R-OH
where is carbonyl found
linear sugars
what is the general structure of carbonyl
R-(C=O)-R
where is carboxyl found
amino acids, proteins and fatty acids
what is the general structure of carboxyl
R-COOH(C double bonded with one O)
what is the general structure of the amino group
R-(N-H2)
where is the amino group found
amino acids and proteins
what is the general structure of phosphates
R-(PO4)
where are phosphates found
DNA, RNA, ATP
what is the general structure of methyl
R-(CH3)
what is the general structure of sulfhydryl
R-(SH)
where is sulfhydryl found
cysteine
what is dehydration synthesis
a chemical reaction for covalent bonding. It removes one H2O molecule
what is hydrolysis
“water splitting” you add a H2O back in and use sucrase(an enzyme helper)
monomer
simple molecules that combine to make up one part of a larger molecule
polymer
large complex molecules made up of repeating parts(monomers)
polypeptides are polymers made up of ____ monomers
amino acid
why can we digest starch and not cellulose
because it is branched and madev up of alpha glucose, not beta glucose
what elements are lipids made up of
C, H, O and sometimes P
are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic and nonpolar
what are the uses of lipids
“long-term” energy storage, cushioning of bones and organs, heart insulation, forming cell membranes, and chemical signaling(steroids)
what are triglycerides made of
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids bonded using dehydration synthesis
what are phospholipids made of
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
what are steroids made of
4 fused rings of carbon
what are saturated fats saturated with
Hydrogens
what type of fat is healthiest
polyunsaturated fats
how do unsaturated fats compensate for less H
more double bonds
how does saturation affect fatty acids
saturated fatty acids are solid and unsaturated fatty acids are liquid
what are cis and trans fats
cis fats have the hydrogen bonded with the double bonded carbons on the same side and trans fats have the hydrogen on different sides
what are omega-3 fatty acids
poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a double bond at the third carbon from the end of the carbon chain
what elements are proteins made of
CHON and sometimes S
what are the functions of proteins
structure, movement, transportation, and carrying out chemical reactions
what are amino acids
monomers that are the building blocks of proteins
how many amino acids are there
20
what are dipeptides
2 amino acids covalently bonded
what are polypeptides
lots of amino acids covalently bonded
what are peptide bonds
the covalent bonding between amino acids. Connects an amino and carboxyl group
what is the general structure of an amino acid
a carbon connected to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and the sidechain
what element is not found in nonpolar amino acids
Oxygen
what functional groups are only found in polar amino acids and not nonpolar
sulfhydryl (-SH) and amine (-NH2)
are acidic amino acids negatively or positively charged
negatively
are basic amino acids negatively or positively charged
positively
