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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macromolecule

A

biomolecule. A VERY large molecule

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2
Q

organic

A

contains carbon(and hydrogen) and found in living things (exception: CO2)

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3
Q

inorganic

A

doesn’t contain carbon

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4
Q

elements in carbs

A

a 1:2:1 ratio of C H O

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5
Q

chemical composition of monosaccharides

A

C6 H12 O6

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6
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

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7
Q

chemical composition of disaccharides

A

C12 H22 O11

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8
Q

what are disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together

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9
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose sugar and lactose sugar

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10
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

lots of monosaccharides covalently bonded. complex carbs

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11
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

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12
Q

what are monosaccharides and disaccharides examples of?

A

simple sugars

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13
Q

what is starch

A

energy storage in plants

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14
Q

what is glycogen

A

energy storage in animal muscles and liver

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15
Q

what is cellulose

A

“fiber”, used in plant cell walls

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16
Q

what is chitin

A

used in fungi cell walls and exoskeletons

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17
Q

what do most names for sugars end in

A

-ose

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18
Q

a sugar can become polar if …

A

there is lots of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in it

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19
Q

what are the 4 main types of biomolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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20
Q

what elements are biomolecules mostly made up of

A

HONCPS

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21
Q

Why is carbon the most important element in biomolecules?

A

biomolecules are carbon based molecules

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22
Q

where is hydroxyl found

A

alcohol and sugars

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23
Q

what is the general structure of hydroxyl

A

R-OH

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24
Q

where is carbonyl found

A

linear sugars

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25
Q

what is the general structure of carbonyl

A

R-(C=O)-R

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26
Q

where is carboxyl found

A

amino acids, proteins and fatty acids

27
Q

what is the general structure of carboxyl

A

R-COOH(C double bonded with one O)

28
Q

what is the general structure of the amino group

A

R-(N-H2)

29
Q

where is the amino group found

A

amino acids and proteins

30
Q

what is the general structure of phosphates

A

R-(PO4)

31
Q

where are phosphates found

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

32
Q

what is the general structure of methyl

A

R-(CH3)

33
Q

what is the general structure of sulfhydryl

A

R-(SH)

34
Q

where is sulfhydryl found

A

cysteine

35
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

a chemical reaction for covalent bonding. It removes one H2O molecule

36
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

“water splitting” you add a H2O back in and use sucrase(an enzyme helper)

37
Q

monomer

A

simple molecules that combine to make up one part of a larger molecule

38
Q

polymer

A

large complex molecules made up of repeating parts(monomers)

39
Q

polypeptides are polymers made up of ____ monomers

A

amino acid

40
Q

why can we digest starch and not cellulose

A

because it is branched and madev up of alpha glucose, not beta glucose

41
Q

what elements are lipids made up of

A

C, H, O and sometimes P

42
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic and nonpolar

43
Q

what are the uses of lipids

A

“long-term” energy storage, cushioning of bones and organs, heart insulation, forming cell membranes, and chemical signaling(steroids)

44
Q

what are triglycerides made of

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids bonded using dehydration synthesis

45
Q

what are phospholipids made of

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

46
Q

what are steroids made of

A

4 fused rings of carbon

47
Q

what are saturated fats saturated with

A

Hydrogens

48
Q

what type of fat is healthiest

A

polyunsaturated fats

49
Q

how do unsaturated fats compensate for less H

A

more double bonds

50
Q

how does saturation affect fatty acids

A

saturated fatty acids are solid and unsaturated fatty acids are liquid

51
Q

what are cis and trans fats

A

cis fats have the hydrogen bonded with the double bonded carbons on the same side and trans fats have the hydrogen on different sides

52
Q

what are omega-3 fatty acids

A

poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a double bond at the third carbon from the end of the carbon chain

53
Q

what elements are proteins made of

A

CHON and sometimes S

54
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

structure, movement, transportation, and carrying out chemical reactions

55
Q

what are amino acids

A

monomers that are the building blocks of proteins

56
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

57
Q

what are dipeptides

A

2 amino acids covalently bonded

58
Q

what are polypeptides

A

lots of amino acids covalently bonded

59
Q

what are peptide bonds

A

the covalent bonding between amino acids. Connects an amino and carboxyl group

60
Q

what is the general structure of an amino acid

A

a carbon connected to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and the sidechain

61
Q

what element is not found in nonpolar amino acids

A

Oxygen

62
Q

what functional groups are only found in polar amino acids and not nonpolar

A

sulfhydryl (-SH) and amine (-NH2)

63
Q

are acidic amino acids negatively or positively charged

A

negatively

64
Q

are basic amino acids negatively or positively charged

A

positively

Biology (3 decks)

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