BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards
It is more on the biological substances that human encounter which we process in human body that cause problems or disorders.
Biochemistry
2 possibilities in biochemistry
- Deficiency of Substance (lack)
- Excess of Substance
It includes analysis measurement of biochemical substances that become important in our daily life.
Clinical Chemistry
It is important in monitoring body in daily life.
Monitoring biochemical substances
Sugars
Carbohydrates
Measuring diabetes
Blood glucose
2 tests that measures blood glucose
- FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
- RBS (Random Blood Sugar)
A test that measure blood glucose wherein it is processed in the laboratory.
FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
A test that measure blood glucose wherein it uses skin puncture.
RBS (Random Blood Sugar)
3 common dissacharides
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Fats
Lipids
Use to develop substances.
Cholesterol, Triglycerides
Metabolism
Consequences of high fats
Increase risk in cardiovascular diseases
Total protein, Albumin
Proteins
Major carrier protein.
Major abundant proteins.
Very important in transport.
Albumin
Majority of the proteins are … which means it moves from one place to another.
Transport carriers or substances
Result of dehydration or severe dehydration
High albumin levels
Suffix which relates to enzymes.
-ase
Enzymes includes Amylase, SGPT/ALT. What does ALT stands for?
Alanine Aminotransferase
It is important in terms of co-relation.
Enzymes
Also known as “markers”
Liver
Pancreatic
What happens when enzymes are higher than normal?
There is a problem in a specific organ.
High SGPT results to?
Problem in liver
Hormones and enzymes are under what?
Proteins
What are the purpose of hormones?
Stimulate
Regulate
Counterfeit or Counter effect
What are the 4 hormones?
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Testosterone
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
What are under the nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
Also known as “synthesis”
Metabolic Pathways
Mono: simple; Poly: …
Complex
It is the breaking down from complex to simple.
Catabolism
It is the building up from simple to complex.
Anabolism
4 structures of monosaccharides
- Fischer Projection
- Haworth Projection
- Chair Conformation
- Mutarotation
It is defined as “hydrates of carbon”
Carbohydrates
Chemical Formula for carbohydrates
CHO
Derived from the Latin word saccharum, which means “sugar”
Saccharides
One molecule of sugar (simple sugar)
Expressed as one molecule of carbohydrates structure.
Monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharide
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
2 functional groups
Aldehyde
Ketone
Structure under aldehyde
Aldose
Structure under ketone
Ketose
It represents any chemical structure attached to functional group.
R
What group represents the C double bond O?
Carbonyl Group
What group represents the OH?
Hydroxyl Group
True or false:
It cannot exist with 1 carbon. I t should be 3.
True
In aldehyde, the first carbon is located near…?
Hydrogen
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
Dihydroxyacetone
Ketotriose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Erythrulose
Ketotetrose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Ribulose
Ketopentose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Xylulose
Ketopentose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Psicose
Ketohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Fructose
Ketohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Sorbose
Ketohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Tagatose
Ketohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Glyceraldehyde
Aldotriose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Erythrose
Aldotetrose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Threose
Aldotetrose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Ribose
Aldopentose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Arabinose
Aldopentose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Xylose
Aldopentose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Lyxose
Aldopentose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Allose
Aldohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Altrose
Aldohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Glucose
Aldohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Mannose
Aldohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Gulose
Aldohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Idose
Aldohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Galactose
Aldohexose
Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?
D-Talose
Aldohexose
It is what you call to the second to the last carbon which defines the D or L form?
Penultimate Carbon
What configuration if the OH is on the right side?
D-Configuration
What configuration if the OH is on the left side?
L-Configuration
He observed that all structures have L configuration. He is the proponent of Fischer Projection
Emil Fischer
Mirror image of structures
Enantiomers
Fischer Projection is a ….
2 dimensional
It is a cyclic structure
Haworth Projection
If the OH is on the same side and the Anomeric Carbon is on up location.
Beta
If the OH is on the opposite side and the Anomeric Carbon is downward.
Alpha
Carbon attached to the C-functional group
Anomeric Carbon
Pyran Rings has … carbon
6
Furan Rings has … carbon
5
Same chemical type & size, non-mirror images. Differ in 2 carbons.
Diastereomers
Diastereomers differing in configuration of one carbon only.
Epimers
Common furanoses
Fructose and Ribose
A pair of near identical isomers that differ only in the anomeric carbon.
Anomers
Sugar alcohol obtained by reduction of glucose.
Sorbitol (Glucitol)
Artificial sweetener
Sucralose
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
Table sugar and a non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose
Lactose
Glycosidic Bond of Sucrose
ALPHA-1,2 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
Present in milk and a non-reducing sugar
Lactose
Glycosidic Bond of Lactose
BETA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose
Present in barley, cereal grains and non-reducing sugar
Maltose
Glycosidic Bond of Maltose
ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
What are the 6 polysacharides?
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Amylose
Amylopectin
Chitin
skeletal polysaccharides of plants; LINEAR POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucopyranose joined by BETA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND
Cellulose
storage form of carbohydrate in animals; HIGHLY BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucopyranose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS and at branch points by ALPHA-1,6 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
Glycogen
LINEAR POLYSACCHARIDE of as many as 4000 units of D-glucopyranose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GYCOSIDIC BONDS
Amylose
HIGHLY BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS and at branch points by ALPHA-1,6 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
Amylopectin
(AMYLOSE + AMYLOPECTIN)
Starch
polysaccharides present in the EXOSKELETON OF ARTHROPODS and the CELL WALLS OF FUNGI
Chitin
Comprised of two sugars
Disaccharides
Contains 6 to 10 monosaccharide units.
Found in glycoproteins.
Play roles in cellular identity.
Oligosaccharides
An example of oligosaccharides wherein it is a mixture of galactose + glucose + fructose
Raffinose
A gelling agent
Pectin
proteins that bind carbohydrates specifically part of innate immune system.
Lectins
It inhibits neuraminidase necessary for exit of flu virus
Tamiflu
Polysaccharides binding in plants is called?
Phytohemagglutinins
polyanionic polymers of modified sugars; CELL GROWTH, CELL ADHESION, CELL PROLIFERATION
Glycosaminoglycans
peptides/proteins linked to polyanionic polymers of modified sugars; aka MUREIN; maintains rigidity of and shape of bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycans
proteins linked to oligosaccharides
Glycoproteins
joined to asparagine in protein – Endoplasmic reticulum
N-Linked
joined to serine/threonine in protein – Golgi apparatus
O-linked
Serves as a major storage of energy or ATP
Carbohydrates
True or False:
There is a direct relationship between energy production and metabolism.
True
2 complex carbohydrates
Starch and glycogen
Specific enzyme that breaks down starch into monosaccharides.
Amylase
Specific Enzymes for Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose which will breakdown complex and will not readily enter into the bloodstream
Sucrase, Lactase, and Maltase
Majority of monosaccharides in blood is in the form of what?
Glucose
ATP stands for
Adenosine Triphosphate
Process of braking down glucose to energy of ATP.
Decrease blood glucose
Glycolysis
Hormone that helps system to control sugar level in the blood which is secreted by pancreas that helps regulate glucose. Can also perform glycogenesis.
Insulin
Conversion of glucose to glycogen (storage for of carbohydrates). From smaller to larger. From intestine to liver.
Glycogenesis
Storage of glucose
Liver
Result of poor insulin production
problem in blood glucose regulation
A disease wherein there is a poor insulin or insulin deficiency.
Diabetes Mellitus
Major Supportive Structures:
In animals
Glycogen
Chitin
Major Supportive Structures:
In plants
Starch
Cellulose
2 connective tissues under acidic polysaccharides
Hyaluronic Acid
Heparin
It serves as a lubricant.
“Synovial Fluid”
Hyaluronic Acid
Natural anticoagulant (prevent blood from clotting)
Heparin
Importance or Roles of Carbohydrates
Responsible for every production.
Supportive structure.
Protection of connective tissue component
Important Component of Nucleic Acids
D-Ribose (RNA)
2-deoxy-ribose (DNA)
Classification of carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide
3 most important biological monosaccharides:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Blood sugar also known as (dextrose)
Glucose
Sweetest sugar and a predominant major sugar in seminal fluid.
Fructose
Milk sugar
Galactose
Glycosidic bond is based on what structure/projection?
Haworth projection
Glycosidic bond of sucrose
alpha 1-2 glycosidic bond
Glycosidic bond of lactose
Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
Glycosidic bond of maltose
alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond
A non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
A reducing sugar
Lactose
Maltose
It means open chain.
Reducing sugar
It means that both anomeric carbon are already closed.
Non-reducing sugar
Breast milk/cow’s milk
Lactose
Table sugar, sugarcane, sugar beets
Fructose
Source of beer
Maltose
For fermentation of beer
Molasses
Composed of 3-9 units of monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Composed of 10 or more monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Properties of carbohydrates
- Generally colorless; crystalline solids
- Generally soluble in water unlike lipids
- Likely soluble in ethanol
Carbohydrate Disorders
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Galactosemia
- Lactose Intolerance
- Glycogen Storage Disease (glycogenosis)
What does NPO mean?
No food intake or Nothing by Mouth
2 tests under Diabetes Mellitus
FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
Urinalysis
Hours in fasting and the values? UNDER FBS
8 HRS
70-100 mg/dL
In urinalysis, if tested positive in glucose, it is called?
Glycosuria
This is where urine forms. Threshold (160-180). Th sugar in blood is very high that is why it is already detected in the urine.
Kidney
Pre-diabetes if it is …
<126
Diabetes Mellitus if it is…
> 126
Enzyme deficiency leads to metabolic disorder and is inherited.
Galactosemia
Enzyme responsible for converting ingested galactose to glucose.
galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase (GALT)
Inability to digest lactose. Lactase deficiency.
Lactose Intolerance
Deficiency of enzyme or transport protein affecting glycogenesis.
Glycogen Storage Disease (glycogenosis)
