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PRELIMS > BIOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

It is more on the biological substances that human encounter which we process in human body that cause problems or disorders.

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

2 possibilities in biochemistry

A
  1. Deficiency of Substance (lack)
  2. Excess of Substance
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3
Q

It includes analysis measurement of biochemical substances that become important in our daily life.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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4
Q

It is important in monitoring body in daily life.

A

Monitoring biochemical substances

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5
Q

Sugars

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Measuring diabetes

A

Blood glucose

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7
Q

2 tests that measures blood glucose

A
  1. FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
  2. RBS (Random Blood Sugar)
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8
Q

A test that measure blood glucose wherein it is processed in the laboratory.

A

FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)

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9
Q

A test that measure blood glucose wherein it uses skin puncture.

A

RBS (Random Blood Sugar)

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10
Q

3 common dissacharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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11
Q

Fats

A

Lipids

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12
Q

Use to develop substances.
Cholesterol, Triglycerides

A

Metabolism

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13
Q

Consequences of high fats

A

Increase risk in cardiovascular diseases

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14
Q

Total protein, Albumin

A

Proteins

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15
Q

Major carrier protein.
Major abundant proteins.
Very important in transport.

A

Albumin

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16
Q

Majority of the proteins are … which means it moves from one place to another.

A

Transport carriers or substances

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17
Q

Result of dehydration or severe dehydration

A

High albumin levels

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18
Q

Suffix which relates to enzymes.

A

-ase

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19
Q

Enzymes includes Amylase, SGPT/ALT. What does ALT stands for?

A

Alanine Aminotransferase

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20
Q

It is important in terms of co-relation.

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

Also known as “markers”

A

Liver
Pancreatic

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22
Q

What happens when enzymes are higher than normal?

A

There is a problem in a specific organ.

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23
Q

High SGPT results to?

A

Problem in liver

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24
Q

Hormones and enzymes are under what?

A

Proteins

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25
Q

What are the purpose of hormones?

A

Stimulate
Regulate
Counterfeit or Counter effect

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26
Q

What are the 4 hormones?

A

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Testosterone

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27
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleic Acids

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28
Q

What are under the nucleic acids?

A

DNA
RNA

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29
Q

Also known as “synthesis”

A

Metabolic Pathways

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30
Q

Mono: simple; Poly: …

A

Complex

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31
Q

It is the breaking down from complex to simple.

A

Catabolism

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32
Q

It is the building up from simple to complex.

A

Anabolism

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33
Q

4 structures of monosaccharides

A
  1. Fischer Projection
  2. Haworth Projection
  3. Chair Conformation
  4. Mutarotation
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34
Q

It is defined as “hydrates of carbon”

A

Carbohydrates

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35
Q

Chemical Formula for carbohydrates

A

CHO

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36
Q

Derived from the Latin word saccharum, which means “sugar”

A

Saccharides

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37
Q

One molecule of sugar (simple sugar)
Expressed as one molecule of carbohydrates structure.

A

Monosaccharides

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38
Q

Examples of monosaccharide

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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39
Q

2 functional groups

A

Aldehyde
Ketone

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40
Q

Structure under aldehyde

A

Aldose

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41
Q

Structure under ketone

A

Ketose

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42
Q

It represents any chemical structure attached to functional group.

A

R

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43
Q

What group represents the C double bond O?

A

Carbonyl Group

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44
Q

What group represents the OH?

A

Hydroxyl Group

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45
Q

True or false:

It cannot exist with 1 carbon. I t should be 3.

A

True

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46
Q

In aldehyde, the first carbon is located near…?

A

Hydrogen

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47
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

Dihydroxyacetone

A

Ketotriose

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48
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Erythrulose

A

Ketotetrose

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49
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Ribulose

A

Ketopentose

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50
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Xylulose

A

Ketopentose

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51
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Psicose

A

Ketohexose

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52
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Fructose

A

Ketohexose

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53
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Sorbose

A

Ketohexose

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54
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Tagatose

A

Ketohexose

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55
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Glyceraldehyde

A

Aldotriose

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56
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Erythrose

A

Aldotetrose

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57
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Threose

A

Aldotetrose

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58
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Ribose

A

Aldopentose

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59
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Arabinose

A

Aldopentose

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60
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Xylose

A

Aldopentose

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61
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Lyxose

A

Aldopentose

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62
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Allose

A

Aldohexose

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63
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Altrose

A

Aldohexose

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64
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Glucose

A

Aldohexose

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65
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Mannose

A

Aldohexose

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66
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Gulose

A

Aldohexose

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67
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Idose

A

Aldohexose

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68
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Galactose

A

Aldohexose

69
Q

Identify how many carbon and what functional group does this belong to?

D-Talose

A

Aldohexose

70
Q

It is what you call to the second to the last carbon which defines the D or L form?

A

Penultimate Carbon

71
Q

What configuration if the OH is on the right side?

A

D-Configuration

72
Q

What configuration if the OH is on the left side?

A

L-Configuration

73
Q

He observed that all structures have L configuration. He is the proponent of Fischer Projection

A

Emil Fischer

74
Q

Mirror image of structures

A

Enantiomers

75
Q

Fischer Projection is a ….

A

2 dimensional

76
Q

It is a cyclic structure

A

Haworth Projection

77
Q

If the OH is on the same side and the Anomeric Carbon is on up location.

A

Beta

78
Q

If the OH is on the opposite side and the Anomeric Carbon is downward.

A

Alpha

79
Q

Carbon attached to the C-functional group

A

Anomeric Carbon

80
Q

Pyran Rings has … carbon

A

6

81
Q

Furan Rings has … carbon

A

5

82
Q

Same chemical type & size, non-mirror images. Differ in 2 carbons.

A

Diastereomers

83
Q

Diastereomers differing in configuration of one carbon only.

A

Epimers

84
Q

Common furanoses

A

Fructose and Ribose

85
Q

A pair of near identical isomers that differ only in the anomeric carbon.

A

Anomers

86
Q

Sugar alcohol obtained by reduction of glucose.

A

Sorbitol (Glucitol)

87
Q

Artificial sweetener

A

Sucralose

88
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

89
Q

Table sugar and a non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

90
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

91
Q

Glycosidic Bond of Sucrose

A

ALPHA-1,2 GLYCOSIDIC BOND

92
Q

Present in milk and a non-reducing sugar

A

Lactose

93
Q

Glycosidic Bond of Lactose

A

BETA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND

94
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

95
Q

Present in barley, cereal grains and non-reducing sugar

A

Maltose

96
Q

Glycosidic Bond of Maltose

A

ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND

97
Q

What are the 6 polysacharides?

A

Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Amylose
Amylopectin
Chitin

98
Q

skeletal polysaccharides of plants; LINEAR POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucopyranose joined by BETA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BOND

A

Cellulose

99
Q

storage form of carbohydrate in animals; HIGHLY BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucopyranose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS and at branch points by ALPHA-1,6 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

A

Glycogen

100
Q

LINEAR POLYSACCHARIDE of as many as 4000 units of D-glucopyranose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GYCOSIDIC BONDS

A

Amylose

101
Q

HIGHLY BRANCHED POLYSACCHARIDE of D-glucose joined by ALPHA-1,4 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS and at branch points by ALPHA-1,6 GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

A

Amylopectin

102
Q

(AMYLOSE + AMYLOPECTIN)

A

Starch

103
Q

polysaccharides present in the EXOSKELETON OF ARTHROPODS and the CELL WALLS OF FUNGI

A

Chitin

104
Q

Comprised of two sugars

A

Disaccharides

105
Q

Contains 6 to 10 monosaccharide units.
Found in glycoproteins.
Play roles in cellular identity.

A

Oligosaccharides

106
Q

An example of oligosaccharides wherein it is a mixture of galactose + glucose + fructose

A

Raffinose

107
Q

A gelling agent

A

Pectin

108
Q

proteins that bind carbohydrates specifically part of innate immune system.

A

Lectins

109
Q

It inhibits neuraminidase necessary for exit of flu virus

A

Tamiflu

110
Q

Polysaccharides binding in plants is called?

A

Phytohemagglutinins

111
Q

polyanionic polymers of modified sugars; CELL GROWTH, CELL ADHESION, CELL PROLIFERATION

A

Glycosaminoglycans

112
Q

peptides/proteins linked to polyanionic polymers of modified sugars; aka MUREIN; maintains rigidity of and shape of bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycans

113
Q

proteins linked to oligosaccharides

A

Glycoproteins

114
Q

joined to asparagine in protein – Endoplasmic reticulum

A

N-Linked

115
Q

joined to serine/threonine in protein – Golgi apparatus

A

O-linked

116
Q

Serves as a major storage of energy or ATP

A

Carbohydrates

117
Q

True or False:

There is a direct relationship between energy production and metabolism.

A

True

118
Q

2 complex carbohydrates

A

Starch and glycogen

119
Q

Specific enzyme that breaks down starch into monosaccharides.

A

Amylase

120
Q

Specific Enzymes for Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose which will breakdown complex and will not readily enter into the bloodstream

A

Sucrase, Lactase, and Maltase

121
Q

Majority of monosaccharides in blood is in the form of what?

A

Glucose

122
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

123
Q

Process of braking down glucose to energy of ATP.
Decrease blood glucose

A

Glycolysis

124
Q

Hormone that helps system to control sugar level in the blood which is secreted by pancreas that helps regulate glucose. Can also perform glycogenesis.

A

Insulin

125
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen (storage for of carbohydrates). From smaller to larger. From intestine to liver.

A

Glycogenesis

126
Q

Storage of glucose

A

Liver

127
Q

Result of poor insulin production

A

problem in blood glucose regulation

128
Q

A disease wherein there is a poor insulin or insulin deficiency.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

129
Q

Major Supportive Structures:

In animals

A

Glycogen
Chitin

130
Q

Major Supportive Structures:

In plants

A

Starch
Cellulose

131
Q

2 connective tissues under acidic polysaccharides

A

Hyaluronic Acid
Heparin

132
Q

It serves as a lubricant.
“Synovial Fluid”

A

Hyaluronic Acid

133
Q

Natural anticoagulant (prevent blood from clotting)

A

Heparin

134
Q

Importance or Roles of Carbohydrates

A

Responsible for every production.
Supportive structure.
Protection of connective tissue component

135
Q

Important Component of Nucleic Acids

A

D-Ribose (RNA)
2-deoxy-ribose (DNA)

136
Q

Classification of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide

137
Q

3 most important biological monosaccharides:

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

138
Q

Blood sugar also known as (dextrose)

A

Glucose

139
Q

Sweetest sugar and a predominant major sugar in seminal fluid.

A

Fructose

140
Q

Milk sugar

A

Galactose

141
Q

Glycosidic bond is based on what structure/projection?

A

Haworth projection

142
Q

Glycosidic bond of sucrose

A

alpha 1-2 glycosidic bond

143
Q

Glycosidic bond of lactose

A

Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

144
Q

Glycosidic bond of maltose

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

145
Q

A non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

146
Q

A reducing sugar

A

Lactose
Maltose

147
Q

It means open chain.

A

Reducing sugar

148
Q

It means that both anomeric carbon are already closed.

A

Non-reducing sugar

149
Q

Breast milk/cow’s milk

A

Lactose

150
Q

Table sugar, sugarcane, sugar beets

A

Fructose

151
Q

Source of beer

A

Maltose

152
Q

For fermentation of beer

A

Molasses

153
Q

Composed of 3-9 units of monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides

154
Q

Composed of 10 or more monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

155
Q

Properties of carbohydrates

A
  1. Generally colorless; crystalline solids
  2. Generally soluble in water unlike lipids
  3. Likely soluble in ethanol
156
Q

Carbohydrate Disorders

A
  1. Diabetes Mellitus
  2. Galactosemia
  3. Lactose Intolerance
  4. Glycogen Storage Disease (glycogenosis)
157
Q

What does NPO mean?

A

No food intake or Nothing by Mouth

158
Q

2 tests under Diabetes Mellitus

A

FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar)
Urinalysis

159
Q

Hours in fasting and the values? UNDER FBS

A

8 HRS
70-100 mg/dL

160
Q

In urinalysis, if tested positive in glucose, it is called?

A

Glycosuria

161
Q

This is where urine forms. Threshold (160-180). Th sugar in blood is very high that is why it is already detected in the urine.

A

Kidney

162
Q

Pre-diabetes if it is …

A

<126

163
Q

Diabetes Mellitus if it is…

A

> 126

164
Q

Enzyme deficiency leads to metabolic disorder and is inherited.

A

Galactosemia

165
Q

Enzyme responsible for converting ingested galactose to glucose.

A

galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase (GALT)

166
Q

Inability to digest lactose. Lactase deficiency.

A

Lactose Intolerance

167
Q

Deficiency of enzyme or transport protein affecting glycogenesis.

A

Glycogen Storage Disease (glycogenosis)

168
Q
A

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