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Day 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the empirical formula of the Human DNA?

A

C39 H50 O22 N15 P3

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2
Q

A two dimensional representation showing the configuration of a stereocenter; horizontal lines represent bonds projecting forward from the stereocenter, and vertical lines represent bonds projecting toward the rear.

A

Fischer projection

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3
Q

A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the right.

A

D-Monosaccharide

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4
Q

A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the left.

A

L-Monosaccharide

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5
Q

A monosaccharide in which an -OH group is replaced by an -NH2 group.

A

Amino Sugar

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6
Q

A way to view furanose and pyranose forms of monosaccharides; the ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge, with the anomeric carbon on the right and the oxygen atom to the rear.

A

Haworth projection

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7
Q

The hemiacetal carbon of the cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

A

Anomeric Carbon

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8
Q

Monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons.

A

Anomers

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9
Q

A five-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide.

A

Furanose

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10
Q

A six-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide.

A

Pyranose

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11
Q

Most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world.

A

Furanoses

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12
Q

For pyranoses, the six membered ring is more accurately reperesented as a

A

chair conformation

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13
Q

The change in specific rotation that occurs when a or B of a carbohydrate is converted to an equilibrium mixture of the two forms.

A

Mutarotation

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14
Q

A carbohydrate in which the -OH group on its anomeric carbon is replaced by an -OR group.

A

Glycoside

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15
Q

Cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide is called

A

glycoside

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16
Q

The bond from the anomeric carbon of a glycoside to an -OR group.

A

Glycosidic bond

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17
Q

The product formed when the CHO group of a monosaccharide is reduced to CH2OH group.

A

Alditol

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18
Q

It is found in the plant world in many berries and in cherries, plums, pears, apples, seaweed, and algae. It is about 60% as sweet as table sugar (sucrose) and is used in the manufacture of candies and as a sugar substitute for diabetics.

A

Sorbitol

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19
Q

It is used as a sweetening agent in “sugarless” gum, candy, and sweet cereals.

A

Xylitol

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20
Q

A carbohydrate that reacts with a mild oxidizing agent under basic conditions to give an aldonic acid; the carbohydrate reduces the oxidizing agent.

A

Reducing sugar

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21
Q

Serves as an important component of the acidic polysaccharides of connective tissues.

A

D-glucuronic acid

22
Q

Used by the body to detoxify foreign phenols and alcohols.

A

D-glucuronic acid

23
Q

In the liver, these compounds are converted to glycosides of glucuronic acid (glucuronides) and extcreted in the urine.

A

D-glucuronic acid

24
Q

Who discovered the ABO blood group system?

A

Karl Landsteiner

25
Q

A carbohydrate containing two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond.

A

Disaccharide

26
Q

A carbohydrate containing from six to ten monosaccharide units, each joined next by a glycosidic bond.

A

Oligosaccharide

27
Q

A carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide units, each joined to the next by one or more glycosidic bonds.

A

Polysaccharide

28
Q

Three most important disaccharides

A

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

29
Q

The sweetest disaccharide sweetener

A

D-fructose

30
Q

Molecular weight of Cellulose

A

400,000 g/mol

31
Q

Enzyme that catalyze the hydrolysis of B-glucosidic bonds.

A

B-glucosidases

32
Q

Small polysaccharides resulted from the break down of corn starch.

A

Dextrins

33
Q

Triesters of glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids.

A

Triglycerides

34
Q

A mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long-chain, saturated fatty acids.

A

Fat

35
Q

A mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids.

A

Oil

36
Q

Classification of complex lipids

A

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

37
Q

It contains alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

A

Phospholipids

38
Q

Two types of phospholipids

A

Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids

39
Q

A phospholipid where the alcohol is a glycerol.

A

Glycerophospholipids

40
Q

A phospholipid whose alcohol is sphingosine.

A

Sphingolipids

41
Q

Complex lipids that contain carbohydrates.

A

Glycolipids

42
Q

Complex lipids that contain ceramides

A

Sphingomyelin, sphingolipids, cerebroside glycolipids

43
Q

Hydrophilic functional groups of glucocerebroside

A

carbohydrate, hydroxyl and amide groups of the cerebroside

44
Q

Hydrophilic functional groups of Sphingomyelin

A

phosphate group, choline, hydroxyl and amide of ceramide

45
Q

Where can pure cholesterol crystals be found in the body?

A

Gallstones, joints of people suffering from bursitis

46
Q

What are the structural features common to oral contraceptives, including mifepristone?

A

steroid ring structure, methyl group at carbon 13, triple bonded group at carbon 17, some unsaturation in the A ring, the B ring, or both.

47
Q

What are coated pits? What is their function?

A

Coated pits are concentrations of LDL receptors on the surface of cells. They bind LDL and by endocytosis transfer it inside the cell.

48
Q

What is the major difference between aldosterone and the other hormones?

A

Aldosterone has an aldehyde group at carbon 13?

49
Q

How many grams of H2 are needed to saturate 100 g of a triglyceride made of glycerol and one unit of lauric, oleic, and linoleic acids?

A

0.72 g hydrogen gas

50
Q

Which substances would you expect to consist primarily of carbohydrates and which primarily of lipids: olive oil, butter, cotton, cotton candy?

A

Primarily lipid: olive oil and butter
Primarily carbohydrate: cotton and cotton candy

Day 1 (7 decks)

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