Biochemistry Flashcards
What is the empirical formula of the Human DNA?
C39 H50 O22 N15 P3
A two dimensional representation showing the configuration of a stereocenter; horizontal lines represent bonds projecting forward from the stereocenter, and vertical lines represent bonds projecting toward the rear.
Fischer projection
A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the right.
D-Monosaccharide
A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the -OH group on its penultimate carbon to the left.
L-Monosaccharide
A monosaccharide in which an -OH group is replaced by an -NH2 group.
Amino Sugar
A way to view furanose and pyranose forms of monosaccharides; the ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge, with the anomeric carbon on the right and the oxygen atom to the rear.
Haworth projection
The hemiacetal carbon of the cyclic form of a monosaccharide.
Anomeric Carbon
Monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons.
Anomers
A five-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide.
Furanose
A six-membered cyclic hemiacetal form of a monosaccharide.
Pyranose
Most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world.
Furanoses
For pyranoses, the six membered ring is more accurately reperesented as a
chair conformation
The change in specific rotation that occurs when a or B of a carbohydrate is converted to an equilibrium mixture of the two forms.
Mutarotation
A carbohydrate in which the -OH group on its anomeric carbon is replaced by an -OR group.
Glycoside
Cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide is called
glycoside
The bond from the anomeric carbon of a glycoside to an -OR group.
Glycosidic bond
The product formed when the CHO group of a monosaccharide is reduced to CH2OH group.
Alditol
It is found in the plant world in many berries and in cherries, plums, pears, apples, seaweed, and algae. It is about 60% as sweet as table sugar (sucrose) and is used in the manufacture of candies and as a sugar substitute for diabetics.
Sorbitol
It is used as a sweetening agent in “sugarless” gum, candy, and sweet cereals.
Xylitol
A carbohydrate that reacts with a mild oxidizing agent under basic conditions to give an aldonic acid; the carbohydrate reduces the oxidizing agent.
Reducing sugar
Serves as an important component of the acidic polysaccharides of connective tissues.
D-glucuronic acid
Used by the body to detoxify foreign phenols and alcohols.
D-glucuronic acid
In the liver, these compounds are converted to glycosides of glucuronic acid (glucuronides) and extcreted in the urine.
D-glucuronic acid
Who discovered the ABO blood group system?
Karl Landsteiner
A carbohydrate containing two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond.
Disaccharide
A carbohydrate containing from six to ten monosaccharide units, each joined next by a glycosidic bond.
Oligosaccharide
A carbohydrate containing a large number of monosaccharide units, each joined to the next by one or more glycosidic bonds.
Polysaccharide
Three most important disaccharides
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
The sweetest disaccharide sweetener
D-fructose
Molecular weight of Cellulose
400,000 g/mol
Enzyme that catalyze the hydrolysis of B-glucosidic bonds.
B-glucosidases
Small polysaccharides resulted from the break down of corn starch.
Dextrins
Triesters of glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids.
Triglycerides
A mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long-chain, saturated fatty acids.
Fat
A mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids.
Oil
Classification of complex lipids
Phospholipids and Glycolipids
It contains alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
Phospholipids
Two types of phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids
A phospholipid where the alcohol is a glycerol.
Glycerophospholipids
A phospholipid whose alcohol is sphingosine.
Sphingolipids
Complex lipids that contain carbohydrates.
Glycolipids
Complex lipids that contain ceramides
Sphingomyelin, sphingolipids, cerebroside glycolipids
Hydrophilic functional groups of glucocerebroside
carbohydrate, hydroxyl and amide groups of the cerebroside
Hydrophilic functional groups of Sphingomyelin
phosphate group, choline, hydroxyl and amide of ceramide
Where can pure cholesterol crystals be found in the body?
Gallstones, joints of people suffering from bursitis
What are the structural features common to oral contraceptives, including mifepristone?
steroid ring structure, methyl group at carbon 13, triple bonded group at carbon 17, some unsaturation in the A ring, the B ring, or both.
What are coated pits? What is their function?
Coated pits are concentrations of LDL receptors on the surface of cells. They bind LDL and by endocytosis transfer it inside the cell.
What is the major difference between aldosterone and the other hormones?
Aldosterone has an aldehyde group at carbon 13?
How many grams of H2 are needed to saturate 100 g of a triglyceride made of glycerol and one unit of lauric, oleic, and linoleic acids?
0.72 g hydrogen gas
Which substances would you expect to consist primarily of carbohydrates and which primarily of lipids: olive oil, butter, cotton, cotton candy?
Primarily lipid: olive oil and butter
Primarily carbohydrate: cotton and cotton candy
