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OAT - Biology > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

neutrons,protons,electrons

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1
Q

All organims are made up of

A

Matter - whatever takes up space
(ex: organisms)

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2
Q

Molecules

A

group of 2+ atoms held together

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3
Q

Electronegativity

A

ability of atom to attract electrons

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4
Q

Highly EN

A

pulls electrons close together closer to the atom

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5
Q

Lower EN

A

electrons are further apart

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6
Q

Ionic Bond

A

transfer of electrons between different EN atoms

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7
Q

Covalent

A

transfer of electrons between the same EN atoms

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8
Q

Non-Polar Bond

A

equal sharing of electrons

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9
Q

Polar Bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons (dipole - dif EN of atom)

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10
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak bond forms with molecules that have a H with a highly electronegative molecule (F,O,N)

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11
Q

Intermolecular

A

interactions within the same molecules

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12
Q

Intramolecular

A

interactions between molecules

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13
Q

Van Der Waals Interactions

A

Weak attraction, similar to hydrogen bonds however there’s more of an attraction due to the distribution of electrons

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14
Q

Excellent Solvent

A

Water - dipoles of H2O break up polar or charged ionic molecules

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15
Q

Water has…

A

High Heat Capacity - stable response to temp change, takes addition of a lot of heat before temp changes

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16
Q

Water Density

A

-Water expands when frozen and becomes less dense
-Water as a liquid is more dense
UNIQUE TO WATER

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17
Q

Water Cohesion

A
  • water is attracted to like substances due to its H bonds
  • strong surface tension as a result of high cohesion
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18
Q

Water Adhesion

A
  • water is attracted to unlike substances
    ex: wetting finger to turn the page of a book
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19
Q

Capillary Action

A

The ability of a liquid to flow without external forces (ex gravity) - water cohesion and adhesion explain this

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20
Q

Transpiration (water transport in plants)

A

Process of water going up plants due to cohesion and adhesion

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21
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic ions that the human body needs to function
- found intracellularly and extracellularly

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22
Q

Minerals Function

A
  • bone development
  • establishing electrochemical gradient in muscle and nerve function
  • components of hemoglobin in RBC
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23
Q

Vitamins

A

organic molecules needed for human function
- water and fat-soluble vitamins

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24
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A
  • over consumption can lead to toxic amounts in the body as the vitamins are stored in fat
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25
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

Excess pass through in urine

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26
Q

Vitamin B

A

water-soluble
- coenzymes or precursor to coenzymes in the metabolic process
- 8 of them

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27
Q

Vitamin C

A

water-soluble
-synthesizing collegian
- deficiency can lead to “Scurvy” which is weakened connective tissue

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28
Q

Vitamin A

A

fat-soluble
- vision
- maintaining epithelium of the skin

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29
Q

Vitamin D

A

Fat-Soluble
-regulating calcium by promoting absorption in the intestine
- synthesized by the presence of sunlight

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30
Q

Vitamin E

A

fat-soluble
- antioxidant
- prevent cell damage by neutralizing the free radical

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31
Q

Free Radical

A

Highly unstable unpaired electrons

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32
Q

Vitamin K

A

fat-soluble
- blood clotting by producing proteins that help with this

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33
Q

Macromolecules

A

larger molecules formed from smaller molecules (monomers)

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34
Q

Types of Monomers

A
  • monosaccharides -> polysaccharides
  • hydrocarbons -> lipids
  • amino acids -> proteins
  • nucleotides -> nucleic acids
    (right side is what they form)
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35
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymers can be delinked using H2O to turn them into monomers

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35
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Monomers are linked via this to form polymers
H2O is a by product

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36
Q

Carbohydrates

A

function is to store energy

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37
Q

Monosaccaride

A

one sugar

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38
Q

Disaccaride

A

two sugars joined together by glycosidic bond

39
Q

Polysaccaride

A

series of connected monosaccaride

40
Q

Types of Monosaccaride

A

glucose, fructose (5), galactose

41
Q

Types of Disaccarides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

42
Q

What is maltose made of

A

glucose + glucose

43
Q

What is sucrose made of

A

glucose + fructose

44
Q

What is lactose made of

A

glucose + galactose

45
Q

Types of Polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

46
Q

Starch (bond type and function)

A

-alpha glucose molecules
-energy storage in plants

47
Q

Glycogen (bond type and function)

A
  • alpha glucose molecules
  • energy storage in animals
48
Q

Chitin (bond type and function

A
  • beta glucose molecules + nitrogen
  • a structural molecule in arthropod/insect exoskeleton and fungi cell walls
49
Q

Cellulose (bond type and function)

A
  • beta glucose molecules
  • a structural molecule in plant cell walls
50
Q

Which polysaccharides are linear

A

chitin and cellulose

51
Q

What glycosidic bond can humans NOT break down

A
  • beta linkages because humans lack the enzyme to digest them
52
Q

Lipids

A

Macrocmolecules containg long hydrocarbons that are hydrophobic
ex: fats, oils,steroid hormones, phospholipids

53
Q

Lipids Function

A

insulation, energy storage, endocrine molecules, structural

54
Q

Lipid Monomers

A

Lipids do not have repeating monomer units; lipids are made of hydrophobic carbons and hydrogen molecules

55
Q

4 Types of Lipids

A

triglycerides, phospoplipids, steroids, porphyrins

56
Q

Triglycerides

A

3 nonpolar fatty acid chains + glycerol backbone

57
Q

Lipid Chemical Reaction

A

linked by dehydration synthesis, broken down by hydrolysis

58
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

No double bonds (straight chains); hard to break down because compact

59
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

contains double bonds (branched) ; easier to breakdown because less compact

60
Q

Glycerol Backbone

A

3 carbon molecule

61
Q

Fatty Acid

A

long carbon chains

62
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid + phosphate to a glycerol backbone

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail = amphipathic molecule

63
Q

Steroids

A

three 6-membered rings + one 5 membered ring

64
Q

Porphorins

A

pyrrole rings with metal atom center

65
Q

Porphyrins Example

A

hemoglobin and chlorophyll

66
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Fe2+ (iron) center to transport O2

67
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Mg center to help absorb light

68
Q

Cell Membrane Fluidity

A

how still or loose membrane is

hot = too fluid
cold = too rigid
ideal = fluidity

69
Q

Cell Membrane Fluidity: Cold Weather

A

cholesterol function plus unsaturated fatty acids to break rigidity

70
Q

Cell Membrane Fluidity: Hot Weather

A

Cholesterol function and saturated fatty acid to make membrane more stiff

71
Q

Proteins

A

polymers of amino acids bonded together via peptide bonds

72
Q

Protein Monomer

A

Amino Acid

73
Q

Protein Polymer

A

polypeptide

74
Q

Protein Bond Type

A

peptide bond

75
Q

Protein Chemical Reaction

A

linked by dehydration synthesis, broken down by hydrolysis

76
Q

Protein Function

A

transport, structural, mechanical, enzyme, storage, antiboides, hormones, steroids, fluid balance, acid base balance, channels and pumps

77
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

78
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

3D shapes of specific sections resulting from hydrogen bonding of amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids

ex: alpha helices and beta sheets (hydrogen bonds)

79
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

entire 3D structure of proteins due to interactions of amino acids

80
Q

Proteins: Non Covalent Interactions

A

h-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophilic interactions, di sulfide bonds, van der waals forces

81
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

protein containing more than 1 amino acid chain

82
Q

proteins function is determined by…..

A

it’s shape

83
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

proteins loose structure due to external forces like extreme heat, pH, salt concentration, UV light, chemicals, etc which alter function

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OAT - Biology (1 decks)

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