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BME 533 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry

A
  • the study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
  • all chemicals either organic or inorganic
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2
Q

Classes of chemical compounds

A

Inorganic: water, salts, many acids & bases(No carbon)
Organic: Carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids(Yes Carbon)

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3
Q

Properties of water

A
  • High heat capacity
  • High heat of Vaporization
  • Polar solvent properties: dissolves and dissociates ionic substances, forms hydration layers around large charged molecules, body’s major transport medium
  • Reactivity
  • Cushioning: Protects organs from physical trauma
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4
Q

Salts

A
  • ionic compounds. that dissociate into ions in water
  • contraindications other than H and anions other an OH
  • common salts: NaCl, CaCO3, KCl
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5
Q

pH

A
  • relative free [H] of a solution measures on pH scale
  • as free [H] increases: acidity increases, pH decreses
  • as free[H] decreases: alkalinity increases, pH increases
  • ph scale 0-14
  • Acid: 0-6.99
  • Neutral: 7 ( pure water)
  • Basic: 7.01-14
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5
Q

Important acids

A

HCL(Hydrochloric Acid), HC2H3O2(Acetic Acid), H2CO3(Carbonic Acid)

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5
Q

Important bases

A

Bicarbonate ion(HCO3–) and Ammonia(NH3)

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5
Q

Acids and bases

A
  • both are elctonegative
  • Acids: proton donors, release H
  • Bases: Proton acceptor, take up H from solution
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5
Q

Neutralization

A
  • Results from mixing acids and base
  • Displacement reactions occur forming water and a salt
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6
Q

Buffers

A
  • acidity reflects only free H in solution
  • buffers resist abrupt and large swings in pH
  • covert strong acids or bases into weak ones
  • carbonic acid-bicarbonate system,(important buffer system of blood)
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7
Q

Arrhenius equation

A

ln(k) = ln(A)-Ea/RT
k = rate constant of reaction
A = Arrhenius factor
Ea = activation energy
R = gas constant
- used to analyze the effects of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions

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8
Q

Use of Chemical by cells

A
  • Chemical reactions: when atoms combine or change partners, necessary to maintoan order in the cell
  • Follows the rule of thermodynamics: open system = can exchange matter and energy with surroundings
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9
Q

Free Energy

A

∆G < 0 -> spontaneous
∆G = 0 -> reaction is at equilibrium
∆G > 0 -> opposite reaction occurs spontaneously

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10
Q

ATP

A

*Chemical energy in glucose captured in this important molecule
* Directly powers chemical reactions in cells
* Energy form immediately useable by all body cells
* StructureofATP
* Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups

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11
Q

Function of ATP

A

Phosphorylation: terminal phosphonates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules

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12
Q

Organic compounds

A

-Crabs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
-polymers, chains of polymers become monomers

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13
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

-deoxyribonucleic acids(DNA) and ribonucleic acids(RNA)
- contains: C,O,H,N,P

14
Q

DNA

A
  • Utilizes four nitrogen bases:
  • Purines:Adenine(A),Guanine(G)
  • Pyrimidines:Cytosine(C),and thymine(T)
  • Base-pair-rule–each base pairs with its complementary base
  • A always pairs with T;G always pairs with C
  • Double-stranded helical molecule(double helix) in the cell nucleus
  • Pentose sugar is deoxyribose
  • Provides instructions for protein synthesis
  • Replicates before cell division ensuring genetic continuity
15
Q

RNA

A
  • Four bases: A, U, G, C
  • Pentose sugar is ribose
  • Single-strand molecules mostly active outside the nucleus
  • Three main varieties of RNA carry out the DNA orders for protein synthesis
  • mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
16
Q

Carbs

A

*sugars and starches
*polymers
*Contains C, H, O
*Three classes: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
*Function: source of cellular fuel, structural molecules

17
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Simple sugars containing three to seven C atoms
  • Monomers of carbs
  • Important monosaccharides
  • pentose sugars
  • hexose sugars
18
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • Double sugar
  • Too long to pass through cell membrane
  • Important disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose
19
Q

Polysaccharides

A

*Polymers of monosaccharides
*important polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
*Not very Soluble

20
Q

Lipids

A

*Contains C, H, O and same P
* Insoluble in water
* Main types: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Eicosanoids

21
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • Called fats when solid and oils when liquid
  • Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
  • Type of fat found in blood
  • Main Function: Energy Storage, Inslutioin, Protection
22
Q

Saturation of Fatty Acids

A
  • Saturated fatty Acids: single covalent bonds between C atoms
  • Unsaturated fatty acids: one or more double bounds between C atoms
  • Omega-3 fatty acids- “Heart Healthy”
  • Trans fats - modified oils - unhealthy
23
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • modified triglycerides: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing group
  • “head” and “tail” regions have different properties
  • important in cell membrane structure
24
Q

Lipid molecules

A
  • phospholipids: most abundant membrane lipid
  • the tails differ in length (14-24 C atoms)
  • one tail has either one or two cis-double bonds, and the other has no double bond
  • differences in length and saturation affect the membrane structure and function
25
Q

Lipid bilayer fluidity

A
  • The fluidity of cell membranes depends on composition and temperature
  • Phase transition occurs at lower temperatures:
  • Hydrocarbon chains are shorter: which reduces tendency of chains to interact
  • Double bonds: produces kinks that prevent tight packing
26
Q

Steroids

A
  • Steroids: interlocking four-ing structure
  • Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Steroid Hormones, bile salts
  • Most important steroid: Cholesterol
27
Q

Eicosanoids

A
  • Many different ones
  • Derived from fatty acids in cell membrane
  • Most important eicosanoid: Prostaglandins( role in blood clotting, control of blood pressure)
28
Q

Other lipids in the body

A

*other fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
* Lipoproteins: Transport fats in the blood

29
Q

Proteins

A
  • Contains C, H, O, N, and some S and P
  • Proteins are polymers
  • Amino acids are the monomers in proteins
30
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

*Fibrous(structural) proteins:
- strand-like, water-insoluble, and stable
- most have tertiary or quaternary structure(3D)
- provide mechanical support and tensile strength
- EX: Keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers

31
Q

Globular proteins

A

Globula(functional) proteina:
- compact, spherical, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes
- Teriart or quaternary structure
- specific functional regions(active sites)
- EX: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes

32
Q

Protein Denaturation

A
  • Denaturation: Glubular proteins unfold and lose functional, 3-D shapes
  • Usually reversible if normal conditions restored
  • irreversible if changes extreme
33
Q

Molecular chaperones

A
  • globular proteins
  • ensure quick, accurate folding and association of other proteins
  • Prevent incorrect folding
  • Assist translocation of proteins and ions across membranes
  • Promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
  • Stress Proteins: Molecular chaoerones produced in response to stressful stimuli(O2 deprived)
34
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
  • lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction
  • Some functional enzymes consist of two parts: Apoenzyme(protein portion) and Cofactor(metal ion)
    *Enzymes are specific
    *Often named for the reaction they catalyze
  • A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction
  • bind a substrate, makes and break covalent bonds, release the new product
  • can speed a reaction up to 1,000,000X or more
  • Enzymes cannot alter the net ∆G of the reaction
35
Q

Enzyme kinetics

A
  • Enzymes can be purified and used as tools
    *Enzyme Kinetics can tell you about a great deal about cell chemistry
36
Q

Michaelis-Menten rule

A
  • Describes the kinetics of simple enzymes: E + S <-> ES -> E + P
  • Equation for the rate of product formation: V = d[P]/dt
37
Q

Lineweaver-Burk Plots

A
  • an algebraic rearrangement of the MM equation to test whether experimental data follows the MM rule
  • 1/v = 1/vmax + Km/vmax(1/[s])

BME 533 (4 decks)

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