Biochemistry

Question 1

Makes up the backbone of all major organic molecules

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

Covers most regions of the carbon backbone, with the exceptions of a few areas known as the functional groups

Answer 2

Hydrogen

Question 3

found dotted along many carbon backbones and form many different types of functional groups (ketones, acids, alcohols)

Answer 3

Oxygen

Question 4

Forms amines and amides. Essential to amino acids. Found in base pairs of DNA

Answer 4

Nitrogen

Question 5

Found in energy storage molecules like ATP. It is in the backbone of DNA and in the polar head groups of phospholipids

Answer 5

Phosphorus

Question 6

Necessary co-factors for many enzymes to work

Answer 6

Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Copper, Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine

Question 7

DNA, RNA, ATP, NADH are?

Answer 7

Nucleic Acids

Question 8

Enzymes, Transporters, Hormones, and Structures are?

Answer 8

Proteins

Question 9

Fats for energy storage, Cholesterol, and Hormones are?

Answer 9

Lipdis

Question 10

Energy storage

Answer 10

Carbohydrates

Question 11

How are the nearby atoms held together in ionic bonds?

Answer 11

The opposite electrostatic charges attract one another

Question 12

How are the nearby atoms held together in covalent bonds?

Answer 12

Shared valence electrons cause mutual attraction between atoms

Question 13

What type of elements form ionic bonds?

Answer 13

Metals to Non-metals

Question 14

What types of elements form covalent bonds?

Answer 14

Non-metals to non-metals

Question 15

Example of ionic bonding

Answer 15

NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

Question 16

Example of covalent bonding

Answer 16

H2O (water)

Question 17

Two methods to determining if a molecule is polar or not

Answer 17

1. The polarity of the bonds (delta EN which indicates how strongly an atom pulls an electron)
2. the three-dimensional shapes of the molecule

Question 18

Intramolecular forces

Answer 18

attraction within the molecule. Requires lots of energy to break.

Question 19

Intermolecular forces

Answer 19

attraction between molecules. Weak and don’t require a lot of energy to break.

Question 20

Dipole-Dipole force

Answer 20

The force between two nearby polar molecules

Question 21

If Delta EN is between 0 and .04

Answer 21

Non-polar covalent bond

Question 22

If Delta EN is greater than 0.4 but less than 1.7

Answer 22

Polar covalent bond

Question 23

If Delta EN is greater than 1.7

Answer 23

Ionic bond

Question 24

London Dispersion Forces

Answer 24

a weak force which exists between all molecules. A buildup of electrons on one side of an atom which creates a temporary dipole.

Question 25

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 25

Strong attraction between hydrogen and another strongly electronegative element such as nitrogen or Oxygen.

Question 26

What is a hydrogen bond donor?

Answer 26

A Hydrogen that is connected to Nitrogen or Oxygen in a donor molecule

Question 27

What is a hydrogen bond acceptor?

Answer 27

A strongly electronegative element nearby